关于读写锁以及用互斥锁和条件变量实现读写锁（写优先）

读写锁包括读取锁和写入锁，多个读线程可以同时访问共享数据；

写线程必须等待所有读线程都释放锁以后，才能取得锁；

同样的，读线程必须等待写线程释放锁后，才能取得锁；

也就是说读写锁要确保的是如下互斥关系：可以同时读，但是读-写，写-写都是互斥的；

明白这一点就很好做了。

读写锁的分配规则：

1.只要没有线程持有某个给定的读写锁用于写，那么任意数目的线程可以持有该读写锁写锁用于读。

2.仅当没有线程持有某个给定的的读写锁用于读或者用于写时，才能分配该读写锁用于写。

通俗点说就是当没有写锁时，就可以加读锁且任意线程可以同时加，而写锁只能有一个，且必须在没有读锁时才能加上，一般来说，写锁优先。

读写锁的数据类型为pthread_rwlock_t，可以用PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER来初始化。

#include<pthread.h>
int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwptr);
int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwptr);
int pthread_rwlock_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwptr);

以上三个基本函数返回值均：成功返回0，出错返回正的错误值；

#include<pthread.h>
int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwptr);
int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwptr);

返回值同上；

要注意的是，上面两个函数尝试获取一个读出锁或者写入锁，但是如果该锁不能马上获得，那就返回一个EBUSY错误，而不是把调用线程投入睡眠。

如何用互斥锁和条件变量实现读写锁呢？

以写锁优先为例：

先定义基本的pthread_rwlock_t数据类型和操做读写锁的各个函数的函数原型，即my_pthread_rwlock.h头文件；

#pragma once

#include<pthread.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
typedef struct
{
    pthread_mutex_t rw_mutex;
    pthread_cond_t  rw_condreaders;
    pthread_cond_t  rw_condwriters;
    int             rw_magic;
    int             rw_nwaitreaders;
    int             rw_nwaitwriters;
    int             rw_refcount;       // 0 >0 ==-1
}my_pthread_rwlock_t;

#define  RW_MAGIC  0x19960511  //魔法数，可修改

#define MY_PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER {PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER, PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER,\
RW_MAGIC,0,0,0}

typedef int  my_pthread_rwlockattr_t;


int my_pthread_rwlock_init(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw, my_pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr);
int my_pthread_rwlock_destroy(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw);
int my_pthread_rwlock_rdlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw);
int my_pthread_rwlock_wrlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw);
int my_pthread_rwlock_unlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw);
int my_pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw);
int my_pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw);

函数实现部分：

#include"my_pthread_rwlock.h"

int my_pthread_rwlock_init(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw, my_pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr)
{
    int result;
    if(attr != NULL)
        return -1;

    if((result = pthread_mutex_init(&rw->rw_mutex, NULL)) != 0)
        goto err1;
    if((result = pthread_cond_init(&rw->rw_condreaders, NULL)) != 0)
        goto err2;
    if((result = pthread_cond_init(&rw->rw_condwriters, NULL)) != 0)
        goto err3;

    rw->rw_nwaitreaders = 0;
    rw->rw_nwaitwriters = 0;
    rw->rw_refcount = 0;
    rw->rw_magic = RW_MAGIC;
    return 0;
    
err3:
    pthread_cond_destroy(&rw->rw_condreaders);
err2:
    pthread_cond_destroy(&rw->rw_mutex);
err1:
    return result;
}

int my_pthread_rwlock_rdlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw)
{
    int result;
    if(rw->rw_magic != RW_MAGIC)
        return -1;
    if((result = pthread_mutex_lock(&rw->rw_mutex)) != 0)
        return result;

    while(rw->rw_refcount<0 || rw->rw_nwaitwriters>0)//在有写锁的条件下等待
    {
        rw->rw_nwaitreaders++;
        result = pthread_cond_wait(&rw->rw_condreaders, &rw->rw_mutex);
        rw->rw_nwaitreaders--;
        if(result != 0)
            break;
    }
    if(result == 0)
        rw->rw_refcount++;
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&rw->rw_mutex);
    return result;
}

int my_pthread_rwlock_wrlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw)
{
    int result;
    if(rw->rw_magic != RW_MAGIC)
        return -1;

    if((result = pthread_mutex_lock(&rw->rw_mutex)) != 0)
        return result;

    while(rw->rw_refcount != 0)//有锁时等待
    {
        rw->rw_nwaitwriters++;
        result = pthread_cond_wait(&rw->rw_condwriters, &rw->rw_mutex);
        rw->rw_nwaitwriters--;
        if(result != 0)
            break;
    }
    if(result == 0)
        rw->rw_refcount = -1;

    pthread_mutex_unlock(&rw->rw_mutex);
    return result;
}

int my_pthread_rwlock_unlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw)
{
    int result;
    if(rw->rw_magic != RW_MAGIC)
        return -1;
    if((result = pthread_mutex_lock(&rw->rw_mutex)) != 0)
        return result;

    if(rw->rw_refcount > 0)
        rw->rw_refcount--;
    else if(rw->rw_refcount == -1)
        rw->rw_refcount = 0;
    else
        printf("unlock error.\n");

    if(rw->rw_nwaitwriters > 0)//写锁优先
    {
        if(rw->rw_refcount == 0)
        {
            result = pthread_cond_signal(&rw->rw_condwriters);
        }
    }
    else if(rw->rw_nwaitreaders > 0)//唤醒读锁
        result = pthread_cond_broadcast(&rw->rw_condreaders);

    pthread_mutex_unlock(&rw->rw_mutex);
    return result;
}

int my_pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw)
{
    int result;
    if(rw->rw_magic != RW_MAGIC)
        return -1;
    
    if((result = pthread_mutex_lock(&rw->rw_mutex)) != 0)
        return result;

    if(rw->rw_refcount < 0 || rw->rw_nwaitwriters > 0)
        result = EBUSY;
    else
        rw->rw_refcount++;

    pthread_mutex_unlock(&rw->rw_mutex);
    return result;
}

int my_pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw)
{
    int result;
    if(rw->rw_magic != RW_MAGIC)
        return -1;

    if((result = pthread_mutex_lock(&rw->rw_mutex)) != 0)
        return result;

    if(rw->rw_refcount != 0)
        result = EBUSY;
    else
        rw->rw_refcount = -1;

    pthread_mutex_unlock(&rw->rw_mutex);
    return result;
}

int my_pthread_rwlock_destroy(my_pthread_rwlock_t *rw)
{
    if(rw->rw_magic != RW_MAGIC)
        return -1;
    if(rw->rw_refcount != 0 || rw->rw_nwaitwriters != 0)
        return EBUSY;

    pthread_mutex_destroy(&rw->rw_mutex);
    pthread_cond_destroy(&rw->rw_condreaders);
    pthread_cond_destroy(&rw->rw_condwriters);
    rw->rw_magic = 0;

    return 0;
}

再是测试程序：

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<pthread.h>
#include"my_pthread_rwlock.h"

my_pthread_rwlock_t rwlock = MY_PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;

void * thread_fun1(void *arg)
{
    my_pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
    printf("thread 1 wrlock.\n");
    sleep(3);
    my_pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
void * thread_fun2(void *arg)
{
    my_pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
    printf("thread 2 wrlock.\n");
    my_pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
void * thread_fun3(void *arg)
{
    my_pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
    printf("thread 3 rdlock.\n");
    my_pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}

int main()
{
    pthread_t tid1, tid2, tid3;
    pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, thread_fun1, NULL);
    sleep(1);
    pthread_create(&tid3, NULL, thread_fun3, NULL);
    pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, thread_fun2, NULL);

    pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
    pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
    pthread_join(tid3, NULL);

    return 0;
}

结果：

这样子一个写优先的读写锁就实现了，读优先的话也是同样原理的，只是部分代码的执行顺序和部分条件判定不同而已

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