构造、拷贝（复制）构造、赋值构造以及析构

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Human
{
public:
	Human(){ cout << "construct : " << ++human_num << endl; }
	Human(const Human &){ cout << "copy: " << ++human_num << endl; }
	Human &operator=(const Human &){ cout << "assign: " << ++human_num << endl; return *(new Human); }
	~Human(){ cout << "destruct: " << --human_num << endl; }

	static int human_num;
};

int Human::human_num = 0;

Human f1(Human x)
{
	cout << "2--------" << endl;

	return x;

	cout << "3--------" << endl;
}

void main()
{
	Human h1;//调用构造函数，human_num = 1;
	cout << "1--------" << endl;

	Human h2 = f1(h1);//拆分来看，a.先看表达式右值，右值为一个函数，并且是值传递，调用拷贝构造函数，human_num = 2，
					  //b.然后紧接着看表达式左值，调用拷贝构造函数，将f1返回的临时变量赋给h2，human_num = 3,
					  //c.最后，退出f1函数时，销毁x，调用析构函数，human_num = 2;注意b和c执行的顺序;
	cout << "4--------" << endl;

	//退出main函数，先析构h2, human_num = 1, 再析构h1, human_num = 0;

	
	//思考以下代码
	//Human h1;
	//cout << "1--------" << endl;

	//Human h2; 
	//h2 = f1(h1);//此处为赋值构造，分析更为繁琐
	//cout << "4--------" << endl;
}

string类

#include <iostream>
#include <assert.h>
using namespace std;

class String
{
public:
	String(const char *str = NULL);//构造函数
	String(const String &other);//拷贝构造函数
	String &operator=(const String &other);//赋值构造函数
	~String(void);//析构函数

private:
	char *m_data;//用于保留字符串
};

String::~String(void)
{
	//delete m_data;
	delete[]m_data;
}

String::String(const char *str)
{
	if (NULL == str)
	{
		m_data = new char[1];
		assert(m_data != NULL);
		*m_data = '\0';
	}
	else
	{
		int length = strlen(str);
		m_data = new char[length + 1];
		assert(m_data != NULL);
		strcpy(m_data, str);
	}
}

String::String(const String &other)
{
	int length = strlen(other.m_data);
	m_data = new char[length + 1];
	assert(m_data != NULL);
	strcpy(m_data, other.m_data);
}

String &String::operator=(const String &other)
{
	//1.自检查赋值
	if (this == &other)
		return *this;
	//2.释放原有的内存资源
	delete[]m_data;
	//3.分配新的内存资源，并复制内容
	int length = strlen(other.m_data);
	m_data = new char[length + 1];
	assert(m_data != NULL);
	strcpy(m_data, other.m_data);
	//4.返回本对象的引用
	return *this;
}