SQL学习

# 第09章_子查询

#1. 由一个具体的需求，引入子查询
#需求：谁的工资比Abel的高？
#方式1：
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

#方式2：自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e2.`salary` > e1.`salary` #多表的连接条件
AND e1.last_name = 'Abel';

#方式3：子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
        SELECT salary
        FROM employees
        WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
        );

#2. 称谓的规范：外查询（或主查询）、内查询（或子查询）

/*
- 子查询（内查询）在主查询之前一次执行完成。
- 子查询的结果被主查询（外查询）使用 。
- 注意事项
  - 子查询要包含在括号内
  - 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
  - 单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询

*/

#不推荐：
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE  (
    SELECT salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
        ) < salary;
        
/*
3. 子查询的分类
角度1：从内查询返回的结果的条目数
    单行子查询  vs  多行子查询

角度2：内查询是否被执行多次
    相关子查询  vs  不相关子查询
    
 比如：相关子查询的需求：查询工资大于本部门平均工资的员工信息。
       不相关子查询的需求：查询工资大于本公司平均工资的员工信息。
 
*/

#子查询的编写技巧（或步骤）：① 从里往外写  ② 从外往里写

#4. 单行子查询
#4.1 单行操作符： =  !=  >   >=  <  <= 
#题目：查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
        SELECT salary
        FROM employees
        WHERE employee_id = 149
        );

#题目：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
        SELECT job_id
        FROM employees
        WHERE employee_id = 141
        )
AND salary > (
        SELECT salary
        FROM employees
        WHERE employee_id = 143
        );

#题目：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
        SELECT MIN(salary)
        FROM employees
        );

#题目：查询与141号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工
#的employee_id，manager_id，department_id。
#方式1：
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
            SELECT manager_id
            FROM employees
            WHERE employee_id = 141
           )
AND department_id = (
            SELECT department_id
            FROM employees
            WHERE employee_id = 141
           )
AND employee_id <> 141;

#方式2：了解
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id,department_id) = (
                    SELECT manager_id,department_id
                        FROM employees
                    WHERE employee_id = 141
                   )
AND employee_id <> 141;

#题目：查询最低工资大于110号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
            SELECT MIN(salary)
            FROM employees
            WHERE department_id = 110
             );

#题目：显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。
#其中，若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同，
#则location为’Canada’，其余则为’USA’。

SELECT employee_id,last_name,CASE department_id WHEN (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE location_id = 1800) THEN 'Canada'
                        ELSE 'USA' END "location"
FROM employees;

#4.2 子查询中的空值问题
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM   employees
WHERE  job_id =
                (SELECT job_id
                 FROM   employees
                 WHERE  last_name = 'Haas');
                 
#4.3 非法使用子查询
#错误：Subquery returns more than 1 row
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM   employees
WHERE  salary =
                (SELECT   MIN(salary)
                 FROM     employees
                 GROUP BY department_id);         

#5.多行子查询
#5.1 多行子查询的操作符： IN  ANY ALL SOME(同ANY)

#5.2举例：
# IN:
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM   employees
WHERE  salary IN
                (SELECT   MIN(salary)
                 FROM     employees
                 GROUP BY department_id); 
                 
# ANY / ALL:
#题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、
#姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ANY (
        SELECT salary
        FROM employees
        WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
        );

#题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的员工号、
#姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ALL (
        SELECT salary
        FROM employees
        WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
        );
        
#题目：查询平均工资最低的部门id
#MySQL中聚合函数是不能嵌套使用的。
#方式1：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
            SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
            FROM(
                SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
                FROM employees
                GROUP BY department_id
                ) t_dept_avg_sal
            );

#方式2：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL(    
            SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
            FROM employees
            GROUP BY department_id
            ) 
#5.3 空值问题
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
            SELECT manager_id
            FROM employees
            );
            
#6. 相关子查询
#回顾：查询员工中工资大于公司平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
#6.1 
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
        SELECT AVG(salary)
        FROM employees
        );
        
#题目：查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
#方式1：使用相关子查询
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
        SELECT AVG(salary)
        FROM employees e2
        WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
        );

#方式2：在FROM中声明子查询
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(
        SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
        FROM employees
        GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e.salary > t_dept_avg_sal.avg_sal

#题目：查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序

SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
     SELECT department_name
     FROM departments d
     WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
    ) ASC;

#结论：在SELECT中，除了GROUP BY 和 LIMIT之外，其他位置都可以声明子查询！
/*
SELECT ....,....,....(存在聚合函数)
FROM ... (LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ....ON 多表的连接条件 
(LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ... ON ....
WHERE 不包含聚合函数的过滤条件
GROUP BY ...,....
HAVING 包含聚合函数的过滤条件
ORDER BY ....,...(ASC / DESC )
LIMIT ...,....
*/

#题目：若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2，
#输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id

SELECT *
FROM job_history;

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (
        SELECT COUNT(*)
        FROM job_history j
        WHERE e.`employee_id` = j.`employee_id`
        )

#6.2 EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字

#题目：查询公司管理者的employee_id，last_name，job_id，department_id信息
#方式1：自连接
SELECT DISTINCT mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name,mgr.job_id,mgr.department_id
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;

#方式2：子查询

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
            SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
            FROM employees
            );

#方式3：使用EXISTS
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
           SELECT *
           FROM employees e2
           WHERE e1.`employee_id` = e2.`manager_id`
         );

#题目：查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

#方式1：
SELECT d.department_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

#方式2：
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
        SELECT *
        FROM employees e
        WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
        );

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM departments;