selenium元素定位与操作

说明：本篇博客基于selenium 4.1.0

在selenium中，想要对元素进行操作，一般需要如下步骤：

1. 在浏览器中查看元素属性，便于selenium在页面中找到该元素
2. 在代码中创建元素对象
3. 元素操作、获取元素信息

查看元素属性

浏览器中进入开发者模式

方法1：右键-检查
方法2：设置-更多工具-开发者模式
方法3：默认快捷键F12
出现该页面则进入了浏览器开发者模式，可查看网页结构
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找到目标元素的代码

方法1：在目标元素上右键-检查
方法2：使用选择器，选择到目标元素
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创建元素对象

selenium一共提供了八种定位方式，通过这些定位方式即可创建元素对象。分别为：

<span style="background-color:#2d2d2d"><span style="color:#cccccc"><code class="language-javascript">from selenium <span style="color:#cc99cd">import</span> webdriver
from selenium<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>webdriver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>common<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>by <span style="color:#cc99cd">import</span> By

driver <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> webdriver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">Chrome</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>
element_id <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">ID</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'id属性值'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                              # id定位
element_name <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">NAME</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'name属性值'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                        # name定位
element_class <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">CLASS_NAME</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'class属性值'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                # <span style="color:#cc99cd">class</span>定位
element_tag <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">TAG_NAME</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'html标签名称'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                   # tag定位
element_linktext <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">LINK_TEXT</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'文本信息'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                 # 文本定位：仅可用于<span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>a<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>标签
element_partiallinktext <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'文本信息'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>  # 文本模糊定位：仅可用于<span style="color:#67cdcc"><</span>a<span style="color:#67cdcc">></span>标签
element_css <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">CSS_SELECTOR</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'css表达式'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                  # css定位
element_xpath <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">XPATH</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'xpath表达式'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                     # xpath定位
</code></span></span>

元素操作

备注：element代指元素对象

<span style="background-color:#2d2d2d"><span style="color:#cccccc"><code class="language-javascript">element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">click</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                         # 点击
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">send_keys</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#7ec699">"helloworld"</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>         # 输入
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">clear</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                         # 清空
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">submit</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>                        # 提交表单
</code></span></span>

查找元素子节点

以当前element为父节点，查找该元素中的子节点。子节点同样支持selenium的八种定位方式
以百度的"百度一下"为例，我们可以先找到其父节点再找到"百度一下"：

<span style="background-color:#2d2d2d"><span style="color:#cccccc"><code class="language-javascript">element <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> driver<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">CSS_SELECTOR</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">".s_btn_wr"</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span><span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">find_element</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span>By<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f8c555">TAG_NAME</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span> <span style="color:#7ec699">'input'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>
</code></span></span>

获取属性

<span style="background-color:#2d2d2d"><span style="color:#cccccc"><code class="language-javascript">element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>tag_name                 # 获取标签名称
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>text                     # 获取文本
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">get_attribute</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#7ec699">'class'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>   # 获取属性
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>id                       # 获取selenium内部元素编号
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>size                     # 获取大小，返回值：<span style="color:#cccccc">{</span><span style="color:#7ec699">"height"</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">:</span> xx<span style="color:#cccccc">,</span><span style="color:#7ec699">"width"</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">:</span> xx<span style="color:#cccccc">}</span>
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>location                 # 获取坐标，返回值：<span style="color:#cccccc">{</span><span style="color:#7ec699">"x"</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">:</span> xx<span style="color:#cccccc">)</span><span style="color:#cccccc">,</span><span style="color:#7ec699">"y"</span><span style="color:#67cdcc">:</span> xx<span style="color:#cccccc">}</span>
</code></span></span>

元素状态

返回值：布尔值

<span style="background-color:#2d2d2d"><span style="color:#cccccc"><code class="language-javascript">element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">is_selected</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>            # 元素是否被选中
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">is_enabled</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>             # 元素是否可操作
element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">is_displayed</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>           # 元素是否可见
</code></span></span>

备注：元素是否可见，指元素是否出现在网页中，无论元素在不在浏览器的可视窗口内

截图

<span style="background-color:#2d2d2d"><span style="color:#cccccc"><code class="language-javascript">element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span><span style="color:#f08d49">screenshot</span><span style="color:#cccccc">(</span><span style="color:#7ec699">'study_selenium/resource/element_shot.png'</span><span style="color:#cccccc">)</span>  # 截屏并保存到文件中
photo <span style="color:#67cdcc">=</span> element<span style="color:#cccccc">.</span>screenshot_as_png                               # 截屏，已二进制保存在photo变量中</code></span></span>

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