selenium
selenium是爬虫的好帮手, 可以控制你的浏览器,模仿人浏览网页,从而获取数据,自动操作等。
我们只要让 selenium 自动控制浏览器,实现爬取数据、自动抢票……
selenium要打开浏览器并控制它,占用的资源会更多,爬取数据的效率也会有所降低。
安装 selenium
pip install selenium
下载浏览器驱动
根据你使用的浏览器(如 Chrome、Firefox 等),下载相应的驱动程序。
- Chrome:使用 ChromeDriver,可以从 ChromeDriver - WebDriver for Chrome 下载与你的
- Chrome 浏览器版本相匹配的驱动程序。
- Firefox:使用 GeckoDriver,可以从 GitHub - mozilla/geckodriver 下载。
- Internet Explorer:使用 IEDriverServer,可以从 Selenium with Internet
Explorer - Selenium Docs 下载。
Edge:如果你的 Edge 浏览器是基于 Chromium 的,你可以使用 ChromeDriver。对于旧版
下面以Edge为例,可以从 Microsoft Edge WebDriver 页面下载对应版本的驱动。
首先打开Edge浏览器,依次点击浏览器右上角的 三个点
- 帮助和反馈
- 关于Microsoft Edge
,查看edge版本
我的版本是 128.0.2739.42 (正式版本) (64 位)
,下载第一个。
我们要把压缩包里的浏览器驱动放到 Python 所在安装目录里。
根据下面的操作确认Python 所在安装目录。
import sys
print(sys.executable)
D:\anaconda\envs\test\python.exe
将末尾的 \python.exe去掉,就是 Python 所在的目录。
为了验证驱动是否安装成功,运行下列代码:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service
# 指定 Edge WebDriver 的路径
service = Service(executable_path=r'D:\anaconda\envs\test\msedgedriver.exe')
browser = webdriver.Edge(service=service)
# 打开一个页面
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/')
# 关闭浏览器
browser.quit()
如果已经将 Edge WebDriver
的可执行文件路径添加到了系统的 PATH
环境变量中,那么你在 Selenium
中使用 Edge 浏览器时就不需要指定 executable_path
了。你可以直接创建一个 WebDriver
实例,如下所示:
from selenium import webdriver
# 创建一个 Edge WebDriver 实例
browser = webdriver.Edge()
# 打开一个页面
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/')
# 打印页面标题以确认成功连接
print(browser.title)
# 关闭浏览器
browser.quit()
如果安装成功,会看到知乎页面弹出又消失的一个过程,且输出知乎 - 有问题,就会有答案
。
获取数据
在这里,browser
是我们实例化的浏览器。我们将网址传给 browser
对象的 get()
方法,即可打开对应的网页。最后调用 quit()
方法将浏览器关闭。
接下来用 driver对象的 page_source
属性来获取网页的源代码。值得注意的是,用 selenium
获取的网页源代码是数据加载完毕后最终的源代码,也就是网页加载后通过API
获取的数据也在这个源代码中。
用 selenium
打印出博客的网页源代码:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.edge.options import Options
options = Options()
options.use_chromium = True
options.add_argument('--ignore-certificate-errors')
browser = webdriver.Edge(options=options)
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
# 打印出网页源代码
print(browser.page_source)
browser.quit()
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<article id="post-34" class="post-34 post type-post status-publish format-standard sticky hentry category-python">
<svg class="icon icon-thumb-tack" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-thumb-tack" xlink:href="#icon-thumb-tack"></use> </svg> <header class="entry-header">
<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">发布于</span><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=34" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-09-17T16:11:50+00:00">9月 17, 2019</time><time class="updated" datetime="2020-08-25T07:18:06+00:00">8月 25, 2020</time></a></div><!-- .entry-meta --><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=34" rel="bookmark">Python 环境搭建指南</a></h3> </header><!-- .entry-header -->
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<p>近期在群里看到有小伙伴问,“如何脱离扇贝的环境,在自己的电脑里运行 Python 代码?”。是的,这是一个很好的问题。我们学 Python 是要在真实环境当中使用的,接下来我来给大家介绍一下搭建 Python 环境的常用方法。</p>
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<a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=34#more-34" class="more-link">继续阅读<span class="screen-reader-text">“Python 环境搭建指南”</span></a></p>
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<article id="post-211" class="post-211 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-python">
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<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">发布于</span><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=211" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-08-30T05:41:25+00:00">8月 30, 2021</time><time class="updated" datetime="2021-08-30T05:44:58+00:00">8月 30, 2021</time></a></div><!-- .entry-meta --><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=211" rel="bookmark">编程实战 – 电商交易流程分析</a></h3> </header><!-- .entry-header -->
<div class="entry-content">
<p><!-- wp:table {"hasFixedLayout":true,"className":"is-style-stripes"} --></p>
<figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes">
<table class="has-fixed-layout">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>环节</strong></td>
<td><strong>人数</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>浏览网站</td>
<td>9943</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>加入购物车</td>
<td>3320</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>生成订单</td>
<td>963</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>支付订单</td>
<td>646</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>完成交易</td>
<td>412</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<p><!-- /wp:table --></p>
<p><!-- wp:paragraph --></p>
<p><!-- /wp:paragraph --></p>
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<article id="post-199" class="post-199 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-python">
<header class="entry-header">
<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">发布于</span><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=199" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2020-10-20T07:23:27+00:00">10月 20, 2020</time><time class="updated" datetime="2020-10-20T09:50:23+00:00">10月 20, 2020</time></a></div><!-- .entry-meta --><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=199" rel="bookmark">2006年~2019年中国国内生产总值 (GDP) 统计</a></h3> </header><!-- .entry-header -->
<div class="entry-content">
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<figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes">
<table class="has-fixed-layout">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>年份</strong></td>
<td><strong>绝对额(亿元) </strong></td>
<td><strong>同比增长(%) </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2006年</td>
<td>219438.5</td>
<td>12.70%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2007年</td>
<td>270092.3</td>
<td>14.20%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2008年</td>
<td>319244.6</td>
<td>9.70%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2009年</td>
<td>348517.7</td>
<td>9.40%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2010年</td>
<td>412119.3</td>
<td>10.60%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2011年</td>
<td>487940.2</td>
<td>9.50%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2012年</td>
<td>538580</td>
<td>7.90%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2013年</td>
<td>592963.2</td>
<td>7.80%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2014年</td>
<td>643563.1</td>
<td>7.30%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2015年</td>
<td>688858.2</td>
<td>6.90%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2016年</td>
<td>746395.1</td>
<td>6.70%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2017年</td>
<td>832035.9</td>
<td>6.90%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2018年</td>
<td>919281.1</td>
<td>6.60%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2019年</td>
<td>990865.1</td>
<td>6.10%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
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<article id="post-43" class="post-43 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-python">
<header class="entry-header">
<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">发布于</span><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=43" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2019-09-17T16:37:31+00:00">9月 17, 2019</time></a></div><!-- .entry-meta --><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=43" rel="bookmark">理解二进制难倒了很多人?别急,小贝马上教会你</a></h3> </header><!-- .entry-header -->
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<p><!-- wp:quote --></p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>提到进位制,大家应该都对十进制比较熟悉,因为生活中大都使用十进制的,我们从小学就开始学习十进制的四则运算。<em>既然人类对十进制这么熟悉,为什么计算机不和人类使用一样的进制呢?</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p><!-- /wp:quote --></p>
<p><!-- wp:more --><br>
<a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=43#more-43" class="more-link">继续阅读<span class="screen-reader-text">“理解二进制难倒了很多人?别急,小贝马上教会你”</span></a></p>
</div><!-- .entry-content -->
</article><!-- #post-43 -->
<article id="post-8" class="post-8 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-python">
<header class="entry-header">
<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">发布于</span><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=8" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-09-17T10:40:04+00:00">9月 17, 2019</time><time class="updated" datetime="2020-06-03T03:24:42+00:00">6月 3, 2020</time></a></div><!-- .entry-meta --><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=8" rel="bookmark">因为他,Python 成为当下最红编程语言</a></h3> </header><!-- .entry-header -->
<div class="entry-content">
<p><!-- wp:quote {"align":"center"} --></p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-center">
<p><strong>“我累了,需要很长时间的休息”</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p><!-- /wp:quote --></p>
<p><!-- wp:paragraph --></p>
<p>在 2018 年 7 月的一份名为“权力转移”的邮件列表帖子中,Guido van Rossum 写道:</p>
<p><!-- /wp:paragraph --></p>
<p><!-- wp:paragraph --></p>
<p>“我不想再为 PEP 劳神了,而且尽管我做着艰难的决定,却发现仍然有很多人不满意。”</p>
<p><!-- /wp:paragraph --></p>
<p><!-- wp:more --><br>
<a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=8#more-8" class="more-link">继续阅读<span class="screen-reader-text">“因为他,Python 成为当下最红编程语言”</span></a></p>
</div><!-- .entry-content -->
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<a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=211">编程实战 – 电商交易流程分析</a>
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<a href="https://wpblog.x0y1.com/?p=199">2006年~2019年中国国内生产总值 (GDP) 统计</a>
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有些网站内容比较多,加载需要一些时间,我们可以通过 time.sleep() 实现等待几秒,确保我们获取的网页源代码是完整的:time.sleep(2)
已经成功的使用 selenium 获取的了网页源代码,接下来就是用selenium处理数据。
处理数据
selenium进行数据的处理和BeautifulSoup 对获取的网页源代码进行处理原理类似,只是语法上有所不同。
查找一个元素
以获取博客的 h1 元素为例,代码可以这样写:
browser = webdriver.Edge(options=options)
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
h1 = browser.find_element(by='tag name', value='h1')
print(h1.text)
browser.quit()
扇贝编程
find_element() 方法关键字参数 by=“tag name” 意思就是“根据标签名(查找)”,value=‘p’ 即标签名的具体值为 p。
不仅可以通过标签名查找,也可以通过class、id、name、链接(部分)文本去查找。
以下是例子:
browser = webdriver.Edge(options=options)
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
content = browser.find_element('class name', 'site-description')
print(content.text)
browser.quit()
爬虫示例站点
browser = webdriver.Edge(options=options)
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
content = browser.find_element('id', 'post-34')
print(content.text)
browser.quit()
发布于
9月 17, 2019
Python 环境搭建指南
近期在群里看到有小伙伴问,“如何脱离扇贝的环境,在自己的电脑里运行 Python 代码?”。是的,这是一个很好的问题。我们学 Python 是要在真实环境当中使用的,接下来我来给大家介绍一下搭建 Python 环境的常用方法。
继续阅读
“Python 环境搭建指南”
browser = webdriver.Edge(options=options)
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
content = browser.find_element('link text', '扇贝编程')
print(content.text)
browser.quit()
扇贝编程
browser = webdriver.Edge(options=options)
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
content = browser.find_element('partial link text', '扇贝')
print(content.text)
browser.quit()
扇贝编程
每一次都要打开网页,才能执行browser.find_element()
这些方法找到的元素(返回值)都是查找第一个符合条件的元素,属于 WebElement 对象,它和 BeautifulSoup 里的 Tag 对象一样,也有一个 text 属性,一样也是获取元素里的文本内容。
不同的是,Tag 对象通过字典取值的方式获取元素的属性值,而 WebElement 对象则使用 get_attribute() 方法来获取。
查找所有符合条件的元素
在上述基础上把 find_element() 方法改成 find_elements() 方法:
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Edge()
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
# 注意下面是 elements
a_tags = browser.find_elements('tag name', 'a')
for tag in a_tags:
print(tag.text)
browser.quit()
WebElement 对象也可以调用 selenium 查找元素的方法。这样就和 BeautifulSoup 中的 Tag 对象一样,可以一层一层的查找元素,直到找到为止。
之前我们都是使用 requests 库获取网页源代码,并通过 text 属性取得其字符串形式。而 selenium 获取网页后的 page_source 属性值正是字符串格式的,所以可以BeautifulSoup来处理数据。
以上面获取博客网页源代码中所有的 a 元素 为例,加上 BeautifulSoup 可以这样写:
from selenium import webdriver
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
browser = webdriver.Edge()
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
# 用 BeautifulSoup 解析网页源代码
soup = BeautifulSoup(browser.page_source, 'html.parser')
a_tags = soup.select('a')
for tag in a_tags:
print(tag.text)
browser.quit()
详细了解此警告
启用增强保护
自动 HTTPS
继续访问 wpblog.x0y1.com (不安全)
控制浏览器
学习两个新方法click() 和 send_keys():
- click() :点击
- send_keys():模拟按键输入
自动登录博客并获取文章内容的代码如下:
新的查找元素的方式:find_element(‘css selector’, …) 和find_elements(‘css selector’, …) ,这就运用 css 选择器的知识,将 css选择器以字符串的形式填入括号中,能帮我们更精准地查找元素。
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Edge(options=options)
# 打开博客
browser.get('https://wpblog.x0y1.com')
# 找到登录按钮
login_btn = browser.find_element('link text', '登录')
# 点击登录按钮
login_btn.click()
# 等待 2 秒钟,等页面加载完毕
time.sleep(2)
# 找到用户名输入框
user_login = browser.find_element('id', 'user_login')
# 输入用户名
user_login.send_keys('codetime')
# 找到密码输入框
user_pass = browser.find_element('id', 'user_pass')
# 输入密码
user_pass.send_keys('shanbay520')
# 找到登录按钮
wp_submit = browser.find_element('id', 'wp-submit')
# 点击登录按钮
wp_submit.click()
# 找到 Python 分类文章链接
python_cat = browser.find_element('css selector', 'section#categories-2 ul li a')
# 点击该分类
python_cat.click()
# 找到跳转的页面中的所有文章标题元素
titles = browser.find_elements('css selector', 'h2.entry-title a')
# 找到标题元素中内含的链接
links = [i.get_attribute('href') for i in titles]
# 依次打开 links 中的文章链接
for link in links:
browser.get(link)
# 获取文章正文内容
content = browser.find_element('class name', 'entry-content')
print(content.text)
browser.quit()
环节 人数
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年份 绝对额(亿元) 同比增长(%)
2006年 219438.5 12.70%
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2008年 319244.6 9.70%
2009年 348517.7 9.40%
2010年 412119.3 10.60%
2011年 487940.2 9.50%
2012年 538580 7.90%
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2014年 643563.1 7.30%
2015年 688858.2 6.90%
2016年 746395.1 6.70%
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2019年 990865.1 6.10%
提到进位制,大家应该都对十进制比较熟悉,因为生活中大都使用十进制的,我们从小学就开始学习十进制的四则运算。既然人类对十进制这么熟悉,为什么计算机不和人类使用一样的进制呢?
二进制的表示
计算机底层由一堆电子电路组成,我们来看一个最简单的电路例子:
你可能已经猜到上面电路的功能了:
开关闭合时,灯泡亮
开关断开时,灯泡灭
我们可以用开关闭合代表 1,开关断开代表 0。这就是一个简单的二进制电路。
与此类似,磁盘其实是由很多小磁铁组成的,磁铁的 N 极表示 1,S 极表示 0。所以每个小磁铁和开关一样,也是有 0 和 1 两种状态。
早期的元器件只能表示这两种状态(比如开和关、 N 和 S 等),这就是为什么计算机用的是二进制的原因了。你想想,如果计算机用十进制的话,这个电子元器件得有十种状态,该多么复杂呢!
二进制的位和字节
不过仅用一位数能表示的数字有限,比如二进制是 0-1,十进制是 0-9,十六进制是 0-15。一位数字当然满足不了我们的需求,如果计算机只能处理 0-1 的范围,人类只能处理 0-9 的范围,一个磁盘就只能存储 0 和 1 这两个数字,那么社会发展可能早就停滞不前了吧!
聪明的人类选择用更多的位数来计数,十进制里我们可以用八位数表示亿以内的数字,二进制也是同理。我们一般把 8 位的二进制叫做一个字节(byte)。一个字节能表示 0-255 个值(想想为什么是 255 呢?)。如果想处理更多的信息,就需要更多的位数,比如 64 位的 CPU 能比 32 位的 CPU 处理更多更快的信息。
二进制里“3”的表示
了解这么多了,现在想想如果十进制里的 3,用二进制该怎么表示呢?
其实这个问题和“用十进制表示 9+2”是一样的道理。那就是通过进位。十进制是逢十进一,二进制是逢二进一。
现在我们来看下二进制里怎么表示 3:
上图清晰地展示了二进制里的计算过程,是不是和十进制的进位是一样的逻辑?
1 个字节(8 位的二进制数)里,每个位数权重不一样,分别是 1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128。与此类似,十进制是个、十、百、千、万等等。
现在,你是不是已经弄懂二进制了?
近期在群里看到有小伙伴问,“如何脱离扇贝的环境,在自己的电脑里运行 Python 代码?”。是的,这是一个很好的问题。我们学 Python 是要在真实环境当中使用的,接下来我来给大家介绍一下搭建 Python 环境的常用方法。
Python 有很多种安装方式,这里我们推荐一种最方便快捷的,直接安装 Anaconda,里面内置了 Python、常用第三方模块和用来写代码的 Spyder 编辑器,这简直是懒人神器!
我们有两种安装方式可选:1.官方网站安装 2.清华镜像站安装
网速较慢的同学可以选择第 2 种安装方式。(官方网站为国外源,清华镜像为国内源)
方式一 官方网站安装
点击官网地址:https://www.anaconda.com/products/individual#Downloads
根据自己的系统来选择相应的版本,选择 Graphical Installer 版本进行下载。
如果不清楚自己的 Windows 系统是 64 位还是 32 位,请移步:https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/9f63fb9172d416c8400f0e3b.html
如果是windows,我们可以通过 [我的电脑] 中进行查询:
或者我们也可使用cmd命令行的方式输入systeminfo命令进行查询:
方式二 清华镜像安装
进入清华软件镜像站 Anaconda 的下载页,网址:https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/archive/?C=M&O=D
找到最新版本的 Anaconda,选择合适的版本下载。
安装包下载好之后,直接打开,看到如下界面。请跟着图中的红框进行操作。
点击 Next 进入下一步
点击 I Agree 进入下一步
选择 Just Me,然后点击 Next 进入下一步
此处可点击 Browse 选择安装位置,然后点击 Next 进入下一步
(注意,安装目录中不能有中文,否则安装会报错)
照着图中勾选,然后点击 Install 进行安装
稍等片刻后,点击 Next 进入下一步
直接点击 Next 进入下一步
点击 Finish 完成安装,如何不想看官方介绍可以取消两个勾选
新版本的anaconda还会有Kite的选择安装,Kite是一个非常实用的代码补全工具,可以选择安装让它成为你的得力助手!当然如果没有安装的话也不担心哦,因为anaconda作为一个非常优秀的代码编译器集成环境,spyder也有自带的代码补全功能,所以问题不大哦~
OK,到这里我们就完成全部的安装工作啦!
下面讲解如何使用 Anaconda 中的 Spyder 编写代码!
Spyder 的用法
在开始菜单中找到并打开 Anaconda Navigator。
然后会出现如下初始化界面。
初始化中…
稍等片刻后将出现如下界面:
点击绿色按钮
找到 Spyder,点击 Launch。
打开后,看到如下界面,我们就可以在里面写代码了。
Spyder会是一个集成度非常高的编译器,先简单介绍以下Spyder界面:
在左上角你可以切换为文件管理File,这样你就能看到工作路径空间里的对应内容了:
有学员可能会问到,如果我需要中文版的Spyder怎么办,别着急,接下来教你如何将语言切换为中文:
我们可以直接在默认的 temp.py 里写代码,也可以点击 文件 – 新建文件,创建一个新的 py 文件来写代码。
写好代码后,点击运行按钮即可运行 Python 代码啦~
第一次运行代码时,需要设置一下执行配置,直接点击运行即可。
然后我们就能在控制台看到代码的运行结果啦~
如果你想将temp.py重命名,只需要对其另存为即可修改它的名字~
Anaconda 中已经包含了我们课程中需要的绝大多数第三方模块,因此可以不用再使用 pip install 模块名 来安装第三方模块了。
爬虫课中的 selenium 模块并没有内置在 Anaconda 中,安装方法如下(其他第三方模块也类似):
点击 Anaconda Navigator 中的 Environments 面板
将右边的单选框选择为 All
在搜索框中输入要安装的第三方模块,比如 selenium
选中要安装的模块,注意要选名称完全一样的
点击右下角的 Apply 按钮
如果输入 selenium 后没有结果,点击 Channels 和 Update index 按钮试试~
然后会出现这样一个界面,直接点击 Apply 按钮即可安装。
稍等片刻后,模块便安装完毕,即可在代码中使用啦~
当然,anaconda为我们提供了一个非常强大的命令行工具:anaconda prompt 我们可以通过它来进行第三方库的安装。
在开始菜单 anaconda 目录下找到 anaconda prompt
可以利用 pip install [第三方库名] 进行安装
也可以利用anaconda自身的 conda install [第三方库名] 进行安装
两者效果是一样的,都能直接安装在 anaconda 的python环境中。
Spyder画图显示问题
学到后面的课程可能会涉及到画图问题,为了避免这种问题的出现,我们可以提前设置好一些画图的内容,省下后续的麻烦。
默认的设置是画图在inline画在Spyder界面中哦,我们可以点击左上区域中的Plots即可看到图片。
我们可以通过修改配置,修改为 Automatic 即 自动,即可让Spyder以弹窗的方式画图。
别忘了设置完重启Spyder 的 console 或者 更暴力一点,重启Spyder。
“我累了,需要很长时间的休息”
在 2018 年 7 月的一份名为“权力转移”的邮件列表帖子中,Guido van Rossum 写道:
“我不想再为 PEP 劳神了,而且尽管我做着艰难的决定,却发现仍然有很多人不满意。”
Guido van Rossum 部分邮件截图
“PEP” 是一种 Python 改进提案(Python Enhancement Proposal )。Guido 会亲自签署并确认每一份 PEP ,这也是他被称为仁慈的独裁者的一个原因。与此形成鲜明对比的是,PHP 的类似改进都是通过投票完成的。
Guido 对 Python 无疑是精益求精的——但 PEP 572 被接受后的第三天,雪片一样飞来的反馈意见让这个今年已经 62 岁的著名工程师应接不暇。
他出生在一个荷兰小城哈勒姆,于 1982 年毕业于荷兰的阿姆斯特丹大学的数学和计算机科学专业。随后进入了阿姆斯特丹的数学和计算机科学中心,成为了一名程序员。
在CWI ,蟒爹一干就是 12 年,直到 1994 年才离开。1989 年圣诞节期间,蟒爹为了打发无聊的圣诞假期,(???原来大神都是这么打发时间的)决心开发一个新的脚本解释程序,作为 ABC 语言的一种继承。
之所以选中 Python 作为程序的名字,是因为他非常喜欢一部英国肥皂剧:《Monty Python 飞行马戏团》。他觉得 Python 这个词非常有趣,很吸引人,从 Python 的命名就可以看出蟒爹对它的珍爱。
自 1989 年 Python 诞生,这位耿直的工程师倾尽了 30 年的心血不断完善它,这才有了如今的 Python 。
蟒爹穿着写有“人生苦短,我用 Python ”的T恤与大家合影
“我仍然会在这里”
“作为一个普通的核心开发者,我仍然会一直都在,而且我仍然可以指导人,或许可能有更多的时间。”
他补充说:“但我基本上给自己放了一个永久的假期不当 BDFL(Benevolent Dictator For Life),接下来你们就靠自己了。”
不论 Python 团队的人员如何变动,不可否认的是使用它的人越来越多了。
2018年7月编程语言指数榜
CodingDojo 最近将 Python 评为开发人员招聘广告中第二大最受欢迎的技能。Stack Overflow 的 2018 年开发人员调查将 Python 列为第七大流行的“编程、脚本和标记语言”,领先于 C#,Ruby 和 PHP。
事实证明,蟒爹的成就是非凡的:Python 成为世界上使用最多的语言之一。
在机器学习,人工智能,科学计算,金融,游戏,数学,物理等各个领域都有大量使用。各个大学和各大公司包括 Google,Facebook ,微软,阿里巴巴等,也都在使用 Python 。
“人生苦短,Python 是岸”
Python 是一种理想的初学者语言,也被用于重量级企业应用程序。
它的设计非常简单、优雅、清晰。
最主要的是,Python 是人工智能首先的编程语言——它在人工智能上的优势至今无人能够撼动。
Python 语言因此广受程序员的追捧,而其在就业、薪资待遇上也没有让人失望。
去年,职友集通过分析来自全国的 12809 份样例资料,显示全国 Python 工程师的平均月资能够达到 19160 元,其中 20 – 30 K 的工程师数量更是超过了四成。对程序员而言,Python 可能是一门投入小,但见效快、回报还高的编程语言。
其实正如蟒爹曾在致中国读者信中所写:
“ Python 这门语言让人们的生活变得更加便捷。它可以使你把精力集中于手头的工作,而不是纠缠于计算机系统每一个晦涩难懂的细节。”