高数习题9.4

1. 证明下列函数组线性无关：
   (1) $e^{\lambda x},x{e}^{\lambda x};$(2) $cos\beta x,sin\beta x;$(3) $e^{\alpha x}cos\beta x,e^{\alpha x}sin\beta x$
   证明：
   (1)
   $W=\left|\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{\lambda x}& x{e}^{\lambda x}\\ \lambda e^{\lambda x}& (1+\lambda x)e^{\lambda x}\end{array}\right|=e^{2\lambda x}\ne 0$
   因此线性无关。
   (2)
   $W=\left|\begin{array}{cc}cos\beta x& sin\beta x\\ -\beta sin\beta x& \beta cos\beta x\end{array}\right|=\beta \ne 0$
   因此线性无关。
   (3)
   $W=\left|\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{\alpha x}cos\beta x& e^{\alpha x}sin\beta x\\ (\alpha cos\beta x-\beta sin\beta x)e^{\alpha x}& (\alpha sin\beta x+\beta cos\beta x)e^{\alpha x}\end{array}\right|=\beta e^{2\alpha x}\ne 0$
   因此线性无关。
2. 设${\phi }_1(x),{\phi }_2(x)$是微分方程$y^{\prime \prime }+q(x)y=0$的任意两个解，其中q(x)在(a,b)上连续.证明：${\phi }_1(x)$与${\phi }_2(x)$的朗斯基行列式$W(x)=常数,x\in (a,b)$.
   证明：
   $$\begin{gathered} W=\left|\begin{array}{cc}{\phi }_1(x)& {\phi }_2(x)\\ {\phi }_1^{\prime }(x)& {\phi }_2^{\prime }(x)\end{array}\right|={\phi }_1(x){\phi }_2^{\prime }(x)-{\phi }_2(x){\phi }_1^{\prime }(x) \\ {W}^{\prime }={\phi }_1^{\prime }(x){\phi }_2^{\prime }(x)+{\phi }_1(x){\phi }_2^{\prime \prime }(x)-{\phi }_2^{\prime }(x){\phi }_1^{\prime }(x)-{\phi }_2(x){\phi }_1^{\prime \prime }(x) \\ {W}^{\prime }={\phi }_1^{\prime }(x){\phi }_2^{\prime }(x)+{\phi }_1(x)(-q(x){\phi }_2(x))-{\phi }_2^{\prime }(x){\phi }_1^{\prime }(x)-{\phi }_2(x)(-q(x){\phi }_1(x))=0 \\ W=C \end{gathered}$$
3. 设$y=\phi (x)$是线性齐次微分方程的一个非零解，若有$x_0\in (a,b)$使$\phi (x_0)=0$，证明：${\phi }^{\prime }(x_0)\ne 0$.
   证明：
   设该线性齐次微分方程另一个解为${\phi }_1$，且与$\phi$线性无关，假设${\phi }^{\prime }(x_0)=0$，则$W(x_0)=\left|\begin{array}{cc}\phi (x_0)& {\phi }_1(x_0)\\ {\phi }^{\prime }(x_0)& {\phi }_1^{\prime }(x_0)\end{array}\right|=0$，这与${\phi }_1$与$\phi$线性无关矛盾，所以${\phi }^{\prime }(x_0)\ne 0$.
4. 设${\phi }_1(x)$与${\phi }_2(x)$是线性齐次微分方程的两个线性无关的解.证明：它们没有公共的零点.
   证明：
   假设${\phi }_1(x)$与${\phi }_2(x)$有公共零点$x_0$，则$W(x_0)=\left|\begin{array}{cc}{\phi }_1(x_0)& {\phi }_2(x_0)\\ {\phi }_1^{\prime }(x_0)& {\phi }_2^{\prime }(x_0)\end{array}\right|=0$
   这与${\phi }_1(x)$,${\phi }_2(x)$线性无关矛盾，所以它们没有公共零点。
5. 证明：线性齐次微分方程存在两个线性无关的解$y={\phi }_1(x)$及$y={\phi }_2(x)$.
   证明：
   线性齐次微分方程满足其初始条件：
   $\{\begin{array}{l}{\phi }_1(x_0)=1,{\phi }_1^{\prime }(x_0)=0\\ {\phi }_2(x_0)=0,{\phi }_2^{\prime }(x_0)=1\end{array}$
   $W(x_0)=\left|\begin{array}{cc}{\phi }_1(x_0)& {\phi }_2(x_0)\\ {\phi }_1^{\prime }(x_0)& {\phi }_2^{\prime }(x_0)\end{array}\right|=1$
   所以线性齐次微分方程存在两个线性无关的解$y={\phi }_1(x)$及$y={\phi }_2(x)$.
6. 证明：线性非齐次微分方程的任一解，都包含在它的通解式中.
   证明：
   若$y=\phi (x)$是线性非齐次微分方程的任一解，那么考虑初值问题
   $\{\begin{array}{l}{y}^{\prime \prime }+p(x)y^{\prime }+q(x)y=f(x)\\ y(x_0)=\phi (x_0),y^{\prime }(x_0)={\phi }^{\prime }(x_0)\end{array}$，由于初值问题解的惟一性，可知$y=\phi (x)$是这个初值问题的惟一解.另外，由于${\phi }_1$及${\phi }_2$是齐次微分方程的线性无关解，于是$W(x_0)=\left|\begin{array}{cc}{\phi }_1(x_0)& {\phi }_2(x_0)\\ {\phi }_1^{\prime }(x_0)& {\phi }_2^{\prime }(x_0)\end{array}\right|\ne 0$
   这表明方程组$\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_1{\phi }_1(x_0)+C_2{\phi }_2(x_0)=\phi (x_0)\\ C_1{\phi }_1^{\prime }(x_0)+C_2{\phi }_2^{\prime }(x_0)={\phi }^{\prime }(x_0)\end{array}$必定有解，设解为$(C_1^0,C_2^0)$.那么，这个解$(C_1^0,C_2^0)$所对应的函数$y=C_1^0{\phi }_1(x)+C_2^0{\phi }_2(x)+y^{\ast }(x)$必定也是上述初值问题的解.再由柯西问题解的唯一性，即推出$\phi (x)=C_1^0{\phi }_1(x)+C_2^0{\phi }_2(x)+y^{\ast }(x)$