Python Day11 - 线程

线程是程序最小的执行单元;一个进程可以有多个线程,但是只有一个主线程。Python的标准库提供了两个模块:thread和threading,thread是低级模块,threading是高级模块,对thread进行了封装。绝大多数情况下,我们只需要使用threading这个高级模块。

import _thread  # 多线程
import time
def go():
    for i in range(5):
        print(i,"-------")
        time.sleep(1)
for i in range(5):   # 同时执行5次
    _thread.start_new_thread(go,())  # 前面是执行函数,后面是一个元组,可以不写前提是函数没有形参

for j in range(6): # 让主线程卡顿6秒
    time.sleep(1)

print("over")

基于类实现多线程

import threading

class haha(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.num = 0

    def run(self):  
        for _ in range(1000):
            self.num += 1
        print(self.num)

if __name__ =="__main__":
    ts = []
    for i in range(5):
        t = haha()
        t.start()
        ts.append(t)

    for i in ts:
        t.join()

    print('Over')

多个线程之间 内存是共享的,所以线程比进程轻量。多个线程是可以同时访问内存中的数据的,如果多个线程同时修改一个对象,这份数据可能会被破坏,Python的threading类中提供了Lock方法,它会返回一个锁对象,一般通过lock.acquire()来获取锁,通过lock.release()来释放锁,对于那种只允许一个线程操作 的数据,一般把对其的操作放在lock.acquire()和lock.release()中间。

import threading
num = 0
mutex = threading.Lock()  # 创建一个锁,threading.Lock()是一个类

class Myhtread(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        global num
        if mutex.acquire(1):  # 如果锁成功,那么线程继续干活,如果锁失败,下面的线程一直等待锁成功,1,代表独占
            for i in range(1000):  # 数字小的时候还是不会产生线程冲突的
                num += 1
            mutex.release()  # 释放锁,一定切记
        print(num)

mythread = []
for i in range(5):
    t = Myhtread()
    t.start()
    mythread.append(t)

for thread in mythread:
    thread.join() 
print("game over")

死锁:

import threading
import time

boymutex = threading.Lock()  # 创建一个锁
girlmutex = threading.Lock()  # 创建一个锁


class boy(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        if boymutex.acquire(1):  # 锁定成功就继续执行,锁定不成功,就一直等待
            print(self.name + "boy  say i  am sorry   up")
            # time.sleep(3)  # 时间过短的话也可以并发执行,不会锁死

            if girlmutex.acquire(1):  # 锁定不成功,因为下面已经锁定
                print(self.name + "boy  say i  am sorry   down")
                girlmutex.release()
            boymutex.release()

class girl(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        if girlmutex.acquire(1):  # 锁定成功就继续执行,锁定不成功,就一直等待
            print(self.name + "girl say i  am sorry  up")
            # time.sleep(3)

            if boymutex.acquire(1):  # 锁定不成功,同理上面已经锁定一直等待
                print(self.name + "girl say i  am sorry  down")
                boymutex.release()
            girlmutex.release()


# 开启两个线程
# boy1 = boy()   # Thread-1boy 第一个线程
# boy1.start()
# girl1 = girl()
# girl1.start()
'''
这种例子时间过短是无法很好的产生死锁
for i in range(10):
    Mythread1().start()
    Mythread2().start()

'''
for i in range(1000):
    boy().start()
    girl().start()

创建多线程

'''
第一种用函数创建多线程,但是需要处理让脚本主线程不死
import threading
import win32api


class Mythread(threading.Thread):  # 继承threading.Thread类
    def run(self):  # 定义函数
        win32api.MessageBox(0, "hello", 'joker', 0)

Mythd = []
for i in range(5):
    t = Mythread()  # 初始化
    print(i)
    t.start()  # 开启
    Mythd.append(t) # 将乱序线程(同时抢夺run这个函数)加入列表

for j in Mythd:
    # 这里与顺序不同,上面显示所有的线程都加入Mthd列表(所以一次性跳出5个窗口,但是主线程还没死,因为有join卡住)。
    # j是线程
    j.join() # 这里主线程同时等待所有线程都执行完毕,才执行“game over”
print("game over")

'''

'''
第二种是基于类继承创建多线程
import threading
import win32api


class Mythread(threading.Thread):   # 继承threading.Thread类
    def run(self):  # 重写threading.Thread类中的run函数
        win32api.MessageBox(0,"hello",'joker',0)


for i in range(5):  # 同时创建5个线程
    t = Mythread()  # 初始化
    t.start()  # 开启


while True:
    pass
'''
'''

def show(i):

    win32api.MessageBox(0,"这是一个测试","来自Joker",0)

threading.Thread(target=show,args=(i,)).start()  # 切记这里的args是一个元组
threading.Thread(target=show,args=(i,)).start()
'''

# 基于函数构造实现多线程
import threading
import win32api


def show():
    win32api.MessageBox(0, "这是一个测试", "来自Joker", 0)


# target=show是线程函数,args=()是参数
threading.Thread(target=show, args=()).start()
threading.Thread(target=show, args=()).start()

信号限制线程数量

import threading

import time

sem = threading.Semaphore(2)  # 限制最大线程数为2个
def gothread():
    with sem:  # 锁定数量
        for i in range(10):
            print(threading.current_thread().name, i)  # 打印线程名字
            time.sleep(1)


for i in range(5):
    threading.Thread(target=gothread).start()  # 乱序执行多线程,就可以考虑为有些cpu牛逼些能够执行快一点

锁定匹配数量

import threading


# 为了合理利用资源
# 凑出线程数量,也就是说一定要至少凑成两个才能执行
# 换而言之,也就是说只有创建线程数是2,或者2的倍数才能全部执行
bar = threading.Barrier(2)

def sever():

    print(threading.current_thread().name,"start")
    bar.wait()
    print(threading.current_thread().name,"end")

for i in range(3):
    threading.Thread(target=sever).start()

'''
Thread-1 start
Thread-2 start
Thread-2 end
Thread-1 end
Thread-3 start
这里出现Thread-3 是因为锁定在"start"之后,所以最后面Thread-3 end 是无法出现的
'''

练习:
练习一:利用装饰器(睡眠五秒之后打印)

import threading
import time

def deco2(times):
    def deco(func):
        def warp(*args,**kwargs):
            e = args[0]
            time.sleep(times)
            e.set()
            return func(*args,**kwargs)
        return warp
    return deco

@deco2(5)
def A(e):
    e.wait()
    print('Hello World!')

if __name__=="__main__":
    e = threading.Event()
    t = threading.Thread(target=A,args=(e,))
    t.start()
    t.join()

练习二:猫眼电影top100

import requests
import threading
import re

class maoyan_top500(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, start_, end_,lock):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.headers = {
            'User-Agent':
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.100 Safari/537.36'
        }
        self.base_url = 'https://maoyan.com/board/4?offset=%d'
        self.start_ = start_
        self.end_ = end_
        self.lock = lock

    def run(self):
        for offset in range(self.start_, self.end_, 10):
            url = self.base_url % offset
            response = requests.get(url, headers=self.headers)
            html = response.text
            info_list = self.get_Information(html)
            with self.lock:
                self.write(info_list)
            print('offset {} OK !'.format(offset))

    def get_Information(self, htm‘l):
        information_list = []
        for line in html.split('\n'):
            if 'class="image-link"' in line:
                movie_name = line.split('title="')[1].split('"')[0]
                information_list.append(movie_name)
            if 'class="integer"' in line:
                res = re.search(
                    '<p class="score"><i class="integer">(\d\.)</i><i class="fraction">(\d)</i></p>',
                    line)
                integer = res.group(1)
                fraction = res.group(2)
                score = integer + fraction
                information_list.append(score)

        return information_list
    
    def write(self,info_list):
        str_ = str(info_list) + '\n'
        with open('res.txt',mode='a',encoding='utf8') as file:
            file.write(str_)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    threads = []
    lock = threading.Lock()
    for i in range(2):
        t = maoyan_top500(start_=i * 50, end_=(i + 1) * 50,lock=lock)
        t.start()
        threads.append(t)
    for t in threads:
        t.join()

    print('Over')

练习三:随机生成100个验证码放入本地

import threading
import random

class Myhtread(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self,lock):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.lock = lock
        self.list_ = []
    def run(self):
        for i in range(50):
            res = random.randint(1000,10000)
            self.list_.append(res)
        with self.lock:
            self.write(self.list_)
    
    def write(self,num):
        b = [str(x)+'\n' for x in num]
        b = ''.join(b)
        with open('res.txt',mode = 'a') as file:
            file.write(b)

if __name__ =="__main__":
    ts = []
    lock = threading.Lock()
    for i in range(2):
        t = Myhtread(lock)
        t.start()
        ts.append(t)
    for t in ts:
        t.join()

    print("Over")
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