定义
顾名思义,责任链模式(Chain of Responsibility Pattern)为请求创建了一个接收者对象的链。这种模式给予请求的类型,对请求的发送者和接收者进行解耦。这种类型的设计模式属于行为型模式。
在这种模式中,通常每个接收者都包含对另一个接收者的引用。如果一个对象不能处理该请求,那么它会把相同的请求传给下一个接收者,依此类推。
意图:避免请求发送者与接受者耦合在一起,让多个对象都有可能接收请求,将这些对象连接成一条链,并且沿着这条链传递请求,直到有对象处理它为止
主要职责:职责链上的处理者负责处理请求,客户只需要将请求发送到职责链上即可,无须关心请求的处理细节和请求的传递,所以在职责链上请求的发送者和请求的处理者解耦了
优点
- 降低耦合度,它将请求的发送者和接受者解耦
- 简化了对象,使得对象不需要知道链的结构
- 增强给对象指派职责的灵活性,通过改变链内的成员或者调动它们的次序,允许动态的新增或者删除责任
- 增加新的处理请求类很方便
使用场景
- 有多个对象可以处理同一个请求,具体哪个对象处理该请求由运行时刻自动确定
例子 —审批流程
//请求的方法
package JResonsibility;
/**
* @Author Zhou jian
* @Date 2020 ${month} 2020/7/5 0005 13:41
*/
//请求
public class PurchaseRequest {
private int type;//请求类型
private float price=0.0f;//请求解
private int id;
public PurchaseRequest(int type, float price, int id) {
this.type = type;
this.price = price;
this.id = id;
}
public int getType() {
return type;
}
public float getPrice() {
return price;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
}
//请求的审批人:抽象类
package JResonsibility;
/**
* @Author Zhou jian
* @Date 2020 ${month} 2020/7/5 0005 13:43
*/
//请求的审批人
public abstract class Approver {
Approver approver;//下一个处理者
String name;//名字
public Approver(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setApprover(Approver approver) {
this.approver = approver;
}
//处理审批请求的方法,得到一个请求,处理是子类完成的,因此该方法做成抽象
public abstract void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest);
}
//各种审批的人
package JResonsibility;
/**
* @Author Zhou jian
* @Date 2020 ${month} 2020/7/5 0005 13:45
*/
public class DepartmentApprover extends Approver {
//构造函数
public DepartmentApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if(purchaseRequest.getPrice()<=5000){
System.out.println("请求编号被"+purchaseRequest.getId()+"被"+this.name);
}else{
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
package JResonsibility;
/**
* @Author Zhou jian
* @Date 2020 ${month} 2020/7/5 0005 13:48
*/
public class ColleageApprover extends Approver {
public ColleageApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if(purchaseRequest.getPrice()>5000&&purchaseRequest.getPrice()<10000){
System.out.println("请求编号被"+purchaseRequest.getId()+"被"+this.name);
}else{
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
package JResonsibility;
/**
* @Author Zhou jian
* @Date 2020 ${month} 2020/7/5 0005 13:48
*/
public class ViceShcoolApprover extends Approver {
public ViceShcoolApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if(purchaseRequest.getPrice()>10000&&purchaseRequest.getPrice()<30000){
System.out.println("请求编号被"+purchaseRequest.getId()+"被"+this.name);
}else{
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
package JResonsibility;
/**
* @Author Zhou jian
* @Date 2020 ${month} 2020/7/5 0005 13:50
*/
public class SchoolMasterAprrover extends Approver {
public SchoolMasterAprrover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if(purchaseRequest.getPrice()>=30000){
System.out.println("请求编号被"+purchaseRequest.getId()+"被"+this.name);
}
}
}
//客户端
package JResonsibility;
/**
* @Author Zhou jian
* @Date 2020 ${month} 2020/7/5 0005 13:50
*/
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest = new PurchaseRequest(1,31000,1);
//创建相关审批这人
DepartmentApprover departmentApprover = new DepartmentApprover("张主任");
ColleageApprover colleageApprover = new ColleageApprover("李院长");
ViceShcoolApprover viceShcoolApprover = new ViceShcoolApprover("周副院长");
SchoolMasterAprrover schoolMasterAprrover = new SchoolMasterAprrover("王校长");
//需要将各个审批级别的下一个设置好(处理人构成环形)
departmentApprover.setApprover(colleageApprover);
colleageApprover.setApprover(viceShcoolApprover);
viceShcoolApprover.setApprover(schoolMasterAprrover);
schoolMasterAprrover.setApprover(departmentApprover);
departmentApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
SpringMVC中的职责链模式
Spring请求的流程中,执行了拦截器相关方法:interceptor:preHandler等等
在处理SpringMVC请求时,使用到职责链模式还使用到适配器模式
HandlerExecutionChain主要负责的是请求拦截器的执行和请求处理,但是它本身是不处理请求的,只是将请求分配给链上注册处理器执行,这是职责链实现方式,减少职责链本身与处理逻辑之间的耦合,规范了处理流程,规范了HandlerInterceptor的集合,可以向其中注册相应的拦截器