概念描述
- 英文:
semaphore
简称SEM,主要用来进行进程间同步 - 本质:内核维护的一个正整数,可对其进行各种+/-操作
- 分类:systemV 信号量、POSIX 有名信号量、POSIX 无名信号量
- 用途:用来标示系统中可用资源的的个数,协调各个进程有序的访问资源,防止发生冲突
- P操作:程序在进入临界区之前要对资源进行申请,对资源的引用计数要-1,当资源个数为0时进程p操作会发生阻塞
- V操作:程序离开临界区后要释放相应的资源,对资源对引用计数要+1
编程接口
以下接口编码过程中都可以通过man sem_open
这种方式查看接口对具体使用方式,详细信息则不列举
sem_t *sem_open(const char *name, int oflag); //使用字符串创建一个信号量
sem_t *sem_open(const char *name, int oflag,
mode_t mode, unsigned int value); //使用字符串创一个一个信号量,并初始化信号量的值
int sem_close(sem_t *sem);
int sem_post(sem_t *sem); //信号量的v操作 +1
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem); //信号量的p操作 -1
int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem); //信号量进行p操作,但是值已经为0,此时会立即返回错而非阻塞
//信号量进行p操作,如信号量的值为0,则阻塞abs_timeout结构体中的时间内还是无法执行p操作,则返回错误
int sem_timedwait(sem_t *sem, const struct timespec *abs_timeout);
int sem_unlink(const char *name);//删除名称为name的信号量
int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int *sval);//获取信号量sem所代表的value数值
注意事项
- 以上编程接口包含头文件:
#include <semaphore.h>
- 编译时需指定:
-lpthread
进行编译
编程案例
linux系统中创建的信号量存放路径为/dev/shm
信号量基本接口使用案例
sem_demo.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main (){
//创建信号量并初始化信号量的value值为4
unsigned int sem_value = 4;
sem_t *sem = sem_open("posix_sem", O_RDWR | O_CREAT,0777,sem_value);
if (sem == SEM_FAILED) {
printf("sem_open failed\n");
_exit(-1);
}
//获取信号量的value值
if (sem_getvalue(sem,&sem_value) != -1) {
printf("sem_getvalue is %d\n",sem_value);
}
//对信号量进行p(-1)操作
sem_wait(sem);
sem_wait(sem);
sem_wait(sem);
sem_wait(sem);
//sem_trywait(sem);//并不会发生阻塞,此时sem值已经为0,无法再进行p操作
if(sem_getvalue(sem,&sem_value) != -1) {
printf("sem_getvalue after sem_wait is %d\n",sem_value);
}
//对信号量进行v(+1)操作
sem_post(sem);
sem_post(sem);
sem_post(sem);
sem_post(sem);
if(sem_getvalue(sem,&sem_value) != -1) {
printf("sem_getvalue after sem_post is %d\n",sem_value);
}
if(sem_close(sem) != -1) {
printf("sem_close success\n");
}
printf("wait for unlink sem\n");
sleep(10);
//删除名称为posix_sem信号量
if(sem_unlink("posix_sem") != -1) {
printf("sem_unlink success \n");
}
return 0;
}
编译gcc sem_demo.c -lpthread
输出如下:
sem_getvalue is 4
sem_getvalue after sem_wait is 0
sem_getvalue after sem_post is 4
sem_close success
wait for unlink sem
sem_unlink success
同时在等待10秒删除期间我们查看/dev/shm
目录下的sem文件存在,当10秒过后sem文件则被删除
信号量父子进程间通信
sem_comu.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define SEM_NAME "posix_sem_comu"
int main (){
int i = 0, j = 0,sem_val = 0,ret;
sem_t *sem;
sem = sem_open(SEM_NAME, O_CREAT,0666,1);
ret = fork();
if (ret == -1) {
printf("sem_open failed \n");
sem_close(sem);
sem_unlink(SEM_NAME);
_exit(-1);
}
//创建的子进程,执行10次p操作,每次间隔1秒
else if(ret == 0) {
while (i++ <= 10) {
sem_wait(sem);
if (sem_getvalue(sem,&sem_val) != -1) {
printf("child process :sem value is %d\n",sem_val);
sleep(1);
}
}
_exit(1);
}
//父进程执行10次v操作,每次间隔两秒
else {
while (j++ <=10) {
sem_post(sem);
if (sem_getvalue(sem,&sem_val) != -1) {
printf("prarent process :sem value is %d\n",sem_val);
sleep(2);
}
}
}
//最终删除sem信号量
sem_close(sem);
if (sem_unlink(SEM_NAME) != -1) {
printf("sem_unlink success \n");
}
return 0;
}
编译:gcc sem_comu.c -o comu -lpthread
输出如下,可以很明显的看到子即使子进程的p操作频率快于父进程v操作,但是对同一信号量,他们仍然能够有序同步访问。因为子进程p操作频率较快,此时信号量的value会很快减为0,子进程此时再进行p操作会发生阻塞;直到父进程执行v操作将信号量的值变为1子进程才能继续访问
prarent process :sem value is 2
child process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
child process :sem value is 0
prarent process :sem value is 1
sem_unlink success
信号量实现 两进程之间通信
两个进程,使用同一个信号量共同访问一个临界区,利用信号量的pv操作,实现同步访问
sem_post.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main(){
char *name = "/posix_sem";
int j = 0, sem_value = 4;
sem_t *sem;
sem = sem_open(name, O_CREAT, 0666, sem_value);
if (sem == SEM_FAILED) {
printf("sem open failed \n");
_exit(-1);
}
printf("sem_open %s success \n",name);
//对信号量进行5次 v操作,每次间隔5秒
while(j++ <= 10) {
if(sem_post(sem) == -1) {
printf("sem _posd failed\n");
_exit(-1);
}
if(sem_getvalue(sem,&sem_value) != -1) {
printf("sem post success %d\n",sem_value);
}
sleep(5);
}
sleep(10);
if(sem_close(sem) != -1) {
printf("sem_close success \n");
}
if (sem_unlink(name) != -1) {
printf("sem_unlink success \n");
}
return 0;
}
sem_wait.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main(){
char *name = "/posix_sem";
int j = 0, sem_value = 4;
sem_t *sem;
sem = sem_open(name, O_CREAT, 0666, sem_value);
if (sem == SEM_FAILED) {
printf("sem open failed \n");
_exit(-1);
}
printf("sem_open %s success \n",name);
//对信号量进行p操作,每次间隔5秒,总共进行10次
while(j++ <= 10) {
if(sem_post(sem) == -1) {
printf("sem _posd failed\n");
_exit(-1);
}
if(sem_getvalue(sem,&sem_value) != -1) {
printf("sem post success %d\n",sem_value);
}
sleep(5);
}
//执行结束后关闭信号量,并删除信名称为name的信号量
sleep(10);
if(sem_close(sem) != -1) {
printf("sem_close success \n");
}
if (sem_unlink(name) != -1) {
printf("sem_unlink success \n");
}
return 0;
}
编译:
gcc sem_post.c -o post -lpthread
gcc sem_wait.c -o wait -lpthread
可以看到输出如下,两进程是能够正常进行信号量value值的访问同步