《Python Crash Course》导读（Chapter 8）

Code：[ZachxPKU/Python Crash Course]

Chapter 8 Functions

8.1 Defining a function

def greet_user():
    """Display a simple greeting."""
    print("Hello!")

greet_user()

8.1.1 Passing information to a function

def greet_user(username):
    """Display a simple greeting."""
    print(f"Hello, {username.title()}!")
    
greet_user('Jesse')

8.1.2 Arguments and Parameters

TRY IT YOURSELF

• message.py
• favorite_book.py

8.2 Passing arguments

8.2.1 Positional arguments

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    """Display information about a pet."""
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')

Multiple function calls

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    """Display information about a pet."""
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
describe_pet('dog', 'willie')

Order matters in positional arguments

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    """Display information about a pet."""
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet('harry', 'hamster')

8.2.2 Keyword arguments

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    """Display information about a pet."""
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet(animal_type = 'hamster', pet_name = 'harry')

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    """Display information about a pet."""
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet(pet_name = 'harry', animal_type = 'hamster',)

8.2.3 Default values

def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type = 'dog'):
    """Display information about a pet."""
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet(pet_name = 'willie')

describe_pet(pet_name = 'willie')

describe_pet(pet_name='harry', animal_type='hamster')

8.2.4 Equivalent function calls

# A dog named Willie.
describe_pet('willie')
describe_pet(pet_name='willie')
# A hamster named Harry.
describe_pet('harry', 'hamster')
describe_pet(pet_name='harry', animal_type='hamster')
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')

8.2.5 Avoiding argument errors

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    """Display information about a pet."""
    print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
    print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")

describe_pet()

TRY IT YOURSELF

• t-shirt.py
• large-shirts.py
• cities.py

8.3 Return Values

8.3.1 Returning a simple value

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
    full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

8.3.2 Making an argument optional

def get_formatted_name(first_name, middle_name, last_name):
    full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'lee', 'hooker')
print(musician)

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''):
    if middle_name:
        full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
    else:
        full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'hooker', 'lee')
print(musician)

8.3.3 Returning a dictionary

def build_person(first_name, last_name):
    person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
    return person

musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)

def build_person(first_name, last_name, age=None):
    person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
    if age:
        person['age'] = age
    return person

musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix', age=27)
print(musician)

8.3.4 Using a function with a while loop

def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
    full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
    return full_name.title()

while True:
    print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
    print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")
    f_name = input("First name: ")
    if f_name == 'q':
        break
        
    l_name = input("Last name: ")
    if l_name == 'q':
        break
    
    formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
    print(f"\nHello, {formatted_name}!")

TRY IT YOURSELF

• city_names.py
• album.py
• user_albums.py

8.4 Passing a list

def greet_users(names):
    for name in names:
        msg = f"Hello, {name.title()}!"
        print(msg)
    
usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']
greet_users(usernames)

8.4.1 Modifying a list in a function

def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
    while unprinted_designs:
        current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
        print(f"Printing model: {current_design}")
        completed_models.append(current_design)
        
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
    print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
    for completed_model in completed_models:
        print(completed_model)
        
unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []
print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)

8.4.2 Preventing a function from modifying a list

def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
    while unprinted_designs:
        current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
        print(f"Printing model: {current_design}")
        completed_models.append(current_design)
        
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
    print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
    for completed_model in completed_models:
        print(completed_model)
        
unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []
print_models(unprinted_designs[:], completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)
print(unprinted_designs)

8.5 Passing an arbitrary number of arguments

def make_pizza(*toppings):
    """Print the list of toppings that have been requested."""
    print(toppings)
    
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

def make_pizza(*toppings):
    """Summarize the pizza we are about to make."""
    print("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print(f"- {topping}")
        
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.5.1 Mixing positional and arbitrary arguments

def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
    print(f"\nMaking a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print(f"- {topping}")
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.5.2 Using arbitrary keyword arguments

def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
    user_info['first_name'] = first
    user_info['last_name'] = last
    return user_info

user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein',
                            location='princeton',
                            field='physics')
print(user_profile)

TRY IT YOURSELF

• sandwiches.py
• user_profile.py
• cars.py

8.6 Storing your functions in modules

8.6.1 Importing an entire module

import pizza

pizza.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
pizza.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.6.2 Importing specific functions

from pizza import make_pizza

make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.6.3 Using as to give a function an alias

from pizza import make_pizza as mp

mp(16, 'pepperoni')
mp(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.6.4 Using as to give a module an alias

import pizza as p
p.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
p.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.6.5 Importing all functions in a module

from pizza import *
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

8.7 Styling functions

TRY IT YOURSELF

• printing_models.py

8.8 Summary