1.存储结构
static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
volatile V value;
volatile HashEntry<K,V> next;
}
ConcurrentHashMap 和 HashMap 实现上类似,最主要的差别是ConcurrentHashMap 采用了分段锁(Segment) ,
- 每个分段锁维护着几个桶(HashEntry)
- 多个线程可以同时访问不同分段锁上的桶,从而使其并发度更高(并发度就是 Segment 的个数) 。
- Segment 继承自 ReentrantLock。
static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;
static final int MAX_SCAN_RETRIES =
Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;
transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;
transient int count;
transient int modCount;
transient int threshold;
final float loadFactor;
}
final Segment<K,V>[] segments;
默认的并发级别为 16,也就是说默认创建 16 个 Segment:
static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
2. size 操作
每个 Segment 维护了一个 count 变量来统计该 Segment 中的键值对个数。
/**
* The number of elements. Accessed only either within locks
* or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
*/
transient int count;
在执行 size 操作时,需要遍历所有 Segment 然后把 count 累计起来。
ConcurrentHashMap 在执行 size 操作时先尝试不加锁,如果连续两次不加锁操作得到的结果一致,那么可以认为这个结果是正确的。
尝试次数使用 RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK 定义,该值为 2,retries 初始值为 -1,因此尝试次数为 3。
如果尝试的次数超过 3 次,就需要对每个 Segment 加锁。
/**
* Number of unsynchronized retries in size and containsValue
* methods before resorting to locking. This is used to avoid
* unbounded retries if tables undergo continuous modification
* which would make it impossible to obtain an accurate result.
*/
static final int RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK = 2;
public int size() {
// Try a few times to get accurate count. On failure due to
// continuous async changes in table, resort to locking.
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
int size;
boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits
long sum; // sum of modCounts
long last = 0L; // previous sum
int retries = -1; // first iteration isn't retry
try {
for (;;) {
// 超过尝试次数,则对每个 Segment 加锁
if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
}
sum = 0L;
size = 0;
overflow = false;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
if (seg != null) {
sum += seg.modCount;
int c = seg.count;
if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
overflow = true;
}
}
// 连续两次得到的结果一致,则认为这个结果是正确的
if (sum == last)
break;
last = sum;
}
} finally {
if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
}
}
return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size;
}
3. JDK 1.8 的改动
JDK 1.7 使用分段锁机制来实现并发更新操作,核心类为 Segment,它继承自重入锁 ReentrantLock,并发度与 Segment 数量相等。
JDK 1.8 使用了 CAS 操作来支持更高的并发度,在 CAS 操作失败时使用内置锁synchronized。并且 JDK 1.8 的实现也在链表过长时会转换为红黑树。