1. 陈述语气
对某一个物品或动作表达陈述事实,例如:
The rabbit ate the carrot.
(这兔子吃了这胡萝卜.)
也可以进行提问。
Did the rabbit eat the carrot?was the rabbit hungry?
(这兔子吃了胡萝卜?这兔子是饿了吗?)
2. 祈使语气
其实就是一种 命令/请求 的语气
Rabit,eat the carrot!
(兔子,吃了这胡萝卜!)
mom: you going to runnning!now!
(妈妈:你现在就去跑步!立刻!)
或者:
Please,give me a carrot!I’m so hungry!
(求求你,请给我一根胡萝卜吧!我太饿了!)
简单的做法:
- 用第二人称(“你”)用一般现在时
- 去掉 “你”,并保证动词原形
You eat the carrot > Eat the carrot!
You don’t eat it! > Don’t eat it!
You are quiet! > Be quiet!
You never give up! > Never give up!
3. 虚拟语气
“脑中的”,“非现实的”…
3.1 英语思维:如何描述动作/时间
与现实像悖的想象,主观意愿:虚拟语气
现实的描述,直接请求/命令:陈述语气/祈使语气
3.2 表达“不可能”假设
3.2.1 与现在相反
- 条件句:
过去式
- 主句:would + 动词原形
例句:
If I were
you,I would give this video a thumbs-up.
(如果我是你,我会给这个视频点赞)
(言下之意:我不可能是你.)
错误:If I am you…
与现在想的是相反的
3.2.2 与将来相反
真的不可能,如:兔子下蛋
可能性极小,例如:我儿子生下来拥有天生神力
对将来的“不可能”假设,所以“将来的不可能”除了真的不可能之外,也包括将来的“可能性很小”的动作/事件
sould也可以变为:were to
-
条件句:
sould + 动词原形
-
主句:would + 动词原形
/should
/could
/might
例句:
If I should meet thee after long years,how should I greet thee?
(万一很久以后再次遇见你,我该如何面对你?)
I should find her,because she is my lover.
(我应该找到她,因为她是我的爱人.)
If I should no finder her,I would intoxicated with sea and die.
(万一我以后找不到她,我将会陶醉在大海中死去。)
过去式小结:
shall > should
will > would
can > could
may > might
3.2.3 与过去相反
- 条件句:
had+动词过去分词
- 主句:would have+动词过去分词
例句:
If I had watched
this video before,I would have aced my test.
(我要是之前看完了
这个视频,那绝对可以考个好成绩.)
(言下之意:我没有考出好成绩)
以上是 第一大用法:虚拟语气表“不可能”假设
接下来是 第二大用法:虚拟语气表达愿望,请求,建议,命令等
即:“希望某个动作/事件”发送.
3.3 表达愿望/请求/建议/命令等
3.3.1 wish
-
对现在的愿望:wish+动词过去式
I wish that I
were
a rabbit. (我希望我是只兔子)
If I
were
a rabbit,I would eat a carrot. (如果我是只兔子,我应该会吃胡萝卜)
> 这两种语句意思都没错,但不可能使用I am,I am 是一种陈述语气表达了肯定的意思
I wish that I am a rabbit. 这样就不对,这表明了我就是只兔子
I wish you
were
here! (我希望你
曾
在这里!) (这里因为是 were(are 的过去式),所以是希望的时间点是在 过去)
-
对过去的愿望:wish + had/would have + 动词过去分词
I wish I
had eaten
the carrot. (我希望我
以前吃了
那根胡萝卜.)
-
对将来的愿望:wish + should(would/could/might) + 动词原形
I wish I
could eat
the carrot. (我希望我
将来吃了
那根胡萝卜)
3.3.2 would rather
-
对现在的愿望:
I would rather that you
didn't eat
the carrot. (我宁愿你
不会吃
那根胡萝卜.) -
对过去的愿望:
I would rather that you
hadn't eaten
that carrot. (我宁愿你
之前没有吃
那根胡萝卜.) -
对将来的愿望:
I would rather you didn’t eat the carrot at tomrow.
(我宁愿你明天不吃那根胡萝卜.)
3.3.3 demand,suggest,insist,order…
- 这类单词一律都是:should+动词原形
I demand that you should give me
a carrot.
(我要求你给我
一根胡萝卜.)
将 demand 这类单词改为过去式,也则可以表示为之前做的事情。
I suggest that you eat a carrot.(宾语从句)
(我建议你该吃胡萝卜了)
It is suggested that you eat a carrot.(主语从句)
(建议你该吃胡萝卜了)
The suggestion is that you eat a carrot.(主语补语/表语从句)
(建议你该吃胡萝卜了)
It is time that you ate a carrot.(定语从句)
(你是时候吃胡萝卜了)
3.4 虚拟语气总结
4. 谓语动词与非谓语动词
错误:
I am
a rabbit,I eat
rabbit.
(这里用逗号分隔不代表是两个句子,而一个句子中只能出现一个谓语动词,所以这里是有问题的!)
我们可以使用 连词 来解决:
I am a rabbit,so I eat rabbit.
也可以用 主句+从句 来解决:
Because I am a rabbit,I eat rabbit.
5. 动词不定式
它不受事件,人称等概念的现实,也是“无限”的意思
注意!别跟 非限定动词 弄混淆了!
- to + 动词原形
例句:
To be or not (to) be,that is the question.
(生存还是毁灭,这是个问题)
You helped me(to) cooke the carrot.
(你帮我做好了菜(胡萝卜))
5.1 不定式作主语
(不定式)
To eat a carrot erver day is good for the rabbit.
(一天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处)
(it is + 形容词 + for sb. + to do sth.)
It
is good for the rabbit to eat a carrot every day.
(一天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处)
It 在此处的含义为 形式主语为了避免 不定式 to eat “头重脚轻”
5.2 不定式作宾语
The rabbbit likes
to eat carrots.
(动词)(宾语)
(兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜)
5.3 it 作形式宾语
I consider
it important
to eat a carrot every day.
(我认为每天吃一根胡萝卜很重要)
这里光看 i consider it important 是不知道句子的整体表达的意思的
只有不定式 to eat a carrot every day. 出来后,才知道句子表达的意思 it为宾语
i 主语;consider 谓语动词;it 宾语;important 形容词;to eat 动词不定式;
a carrot 名词;every day 补语
5.4 不定式作宾语补语
-
不定式可以和复杂及物动词一起使用
The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
(宾语补加在宾语后面,对宾语起补充说明作用)
-
有些谓语动词(如see,find,watch等,这类驶意动词)后面用不定式作宾语补语需要省略to。
Carrots make the rabbit (to) feel happy.
(胡萝卜使兔子快乐.)
-
还有谓语从此后接不定式作宾补时,省不省略 to 区别不大,都是正确的表达。
The wolf helped the rabbit grow carrots.
The wolf helped the rabbit to grow carrots.
(狼帮兔子种胡萝卜.)
5.5 不定式作主语补语
The rabbit’s dream is to eat everday kind of carrot in the world.
(兔子的梦想就是吃掉世界上每一种胡萝卜.)
To eat ervery kind of carrot in the world is the rabbit’s dream.
(兔子的梦想就是吃掉世界上每一种胡萝卜.)
5.6 不定式作定语
The rabbit has a lot of carrots
to eat.
(兔子有很多胡萝卜要吃)
这里 carrots 与 to eat 是一种动宾关系
5.7 不定式作状语
5.7.1 表原因:
I was surprised to get a athumbs-up.
(我很开心(因为)得到一个赞)
↓↓↓↓
I was surprised because I got a thumbs-up.
(我很吃惊,因为有人给我点赞了)
5.7.2 表目的:
I will do anything to get a thumbs-up.
(我为了得到一个赞会做任何事)
↓↓↓↓↓
I will do anything in order that I get a thumbs-up.
(为了点赞量我能做出任何事)
5.7.3 表结果:
I get enough thumbs-up to make another video.
(我得到足够的赞,可以去做另一个视频啦!)
↓↓↓↓
I got enough thumbs-up,so that I made another video.
(我得到了很多点赞,于是我做了另一个视频)
6. 高级不定式
- to + 动词原形(“状态”)
“to be eating a carrot.”
“to have eaten a carrot.”
“to have been eating a carrot.”
例句:
The rabbit seemed to be eating a carrot.
(这兔子之前似乎在吃一根胡萝卜(的过程中))
The rabbit will appear to have eaten a carrot.
(这兔子之后会看起来想吃过了一根胡萝卜)
I find it easy to learn English
(我发现英语学习很容易)
综上学习的总结:
i will find
itsilence
to a place(我将会找到一个安静的地方)
- 句子的解析:
- to a place 是要做的事情,这里是一个地点也可以
- i will find 是做出的行为,(例如:i look,i eat)
- it 是宾语,指的是 要做的事情
- silence 是形容词,修饰的是 要做的事情
It is very important
to give this video a thumbs-up(给这个视频点赞是很重要的)
- 句子解析:
- 关键还是看 to ,这里 to 也是将
前面的句子
是形容后面的句子的- 这里
it is ver important
这个 “很重要” 的含义被 to 赋值给了 to give this video a thumbs-up “给这个视频点赞” 这个事件
I get enough thumbs-up
to make another video.(我获得了足够的赞,可以去做另一个视频了)
- 句子解析:
- 不定式表达结果,更像是主语从句的形式
- i get enough thumbs-up 类似于主句,表达做了什么事
- to 更像是连系动词,将 前句子跟后句子连接起来
- make another video 做的事情,由于使用 to 做不定式,所以是做了什么事情后发生的事情
- 例句:
i tell you the job is very difficulty
to therefore quick resign now!- (我告诉你这工作很难,所以现在快点辞职!)
7. 动名词
7.1 动名词作主语
(主语) 系动词 主语补语(表语)
Carrots are healthy for the rabbit. > Eating carrots is
healthy for the rabbit.
(胡萝卜对兔子来说很健康) (吃胡萝卜(行为)对兔子来说很健康)
7.2 动名词作主语补语
(主语) 系动词 主语补语(表语)
The rabbit’s hobby is
growing carrots.
(兔子的爱好是种胡萝卜)
7.3 动名词作定语
(定语)
a sleeping pill
(一片安眠药)
a swimming toy
(一根游泳玩具)
7.4 动名词作宾语
(宾语)
The rabbit enjoys eating carrots.
(兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜)
7.5 介词+宾语
The rabbit is fond of eating carrots.
(兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜)
(介词)(动名词)
The rabbit is looking forward to seeing
the wolf again.
(兔子期望再次见到狼)
7.6 动名词作宾语与不定式作宾语的区别
The rabbit stopped to eat a carrot.
(兔子停下(手里的活)去吃一根胡萝卜)
The rabbit stopped eating a carrot.
(兔子停止吃一根胡萝卜)
The wolf forgot to invite the rabbit to her party.
(狼忘记邀请兔子去她的聚会)
The rabbit forgot accepting the wolf’s invitation.
(兔子忘记接受过狼的邀请)
forget 后加 ==动词不定式(即forget to do)==表示忘记去做…
forget 后加 ==动名词(即forget doging)==表示忘记做过…
8. 现在分词
现在分词不代表 时间 观念!
- 现在进行时 = be + 现在分词
8.1 现在分词作表语
The rabbit is charming.
(兔子是有魅力的.)
The story is interesting.
(故事是有趣的)
The game is exciting
(游戏是刺激的)
The news is encouraging.
(新闻是鼓舞人心的.)
现在分词把动词转换为了形容词:
Interest
> interesting
(让人产生兴趣的
) (有趣的)
excite
> exciting
(让人激动
) (刺激的)
encourage
> encouraging
(鼓舞人心
) (鼓舞人心的)
8.2 现在分词作宾语补足语
The wolf saw the rabbit
eating a carrot.
(狼之前看到兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜)
8.3 现在分词作状语
(时间)
Hearing the news
,the rabbit bacame excited.
(听这个消息,兔子很激动)
(原因)
Not knowing
what to eat,the rabbit skipped lunch.
(不知道吃什么,兔子没吃午饭 )
9. 过去分词
过去分词是非谓语动词,它不能自带时间,同样也不能表示过去的时间.
(≠时间)
The rabbit will eat minced carrot
next week.
(兔子下周会吃搅碎的胡萝卜
)
-
过去分词常简单结构是:
动词原形
+ed -
不规则过去分词:
eat > eaten
see > seen
cut > cut
grow > grown
tell > told
可以将 过去分词看作是形容词
例句:
a big carrot 》 a minced carrot
(一根大胡萝卜) (一根搅碎的胡萝卜)
a small room 》 a painted room
(一个小房间) (一个涂漆过了的房间)
a smart rabbit 》 an excited rabbit
(一只聪明兔子) (一只激动的兔子)
9.1 “后置定语”
过去分词短语做定语,则要放到被修饰的名词之后。
The carrot cake eaten
by the rabit is delicious.
(被兔子吃了的胡萝卜蛋糕很美味)
9.2 过去分词作主语补语
sb. is interested in doing sth.
The rabbit is interested in doing growing carrots.
(兔子对种胡萝卜感兴趣)
9.3 过去分词作表语
(被动)
The rabbit is interested.
(兔子很有兴趣)
过去分词暗含被动关系,即被描述的是动作的接受者
过去分词表示了被接受者是一种被动的情况
现在分词表示了接收者是一种主动的情况
这句话的隐喻是:兔子被某物某事引起了兴趣
例句:
The rabbit was frightened.
(兔子感到害怕.)
The rabbit was frightening.
(兔子令人感到害怕.)
I am interested.
(我被某人/某物引起兴趣)
I am interesting.
(我引起了某人的兴趣)
9.4 过去分词作宾语补语
The rabbit found his carrot stolen.
(兔子发现它的胡萝卜被偷了)
9.5 过去分词作状语
Seen
from the hill,the carrot field looks beautiful. (😕 表地点)
(从山上看,胡萝卜天看上去很美)
(主语 carrot field 是 seen 的逻辑主语,它们之间是一种被动的关系,所以使用过去分词 )
Born
in a rabbbit family,the rabbit has been growing carrots all his life.(😕 原因)
(由于出生在一个兔子家庭里,兔子种了一辈子胡萝卜.)
Given
another chance,the rabbit would go to the wolf’s party.(😕 条件)
(如果再给兔子一次机会,他会去参加狼的聚会.)