Also known as Einstein Notation
Basic Rules
- Dummy Index is any twice-repeated index in a single term, which is sumed over 1 , 2 , 3 , ⋯ , n 1,2,3,\cdots,n 1,2,3,⋯,n. Typically, n = 3 n=3 n=3. Can be replaced by other unused index with the same range.
a i b i = ∑ i = 1 n a i b i a_ib_i = \sum_{i=1}{n}a_ib_i aibi=i=1∑naibi
- Free Index is any non-repeated index in a single term, which can take only one value in a given term. Cannot be replaced by other index.
- No index can exist more than twice in a given term.
- In a equation using Einstein Notation, the free indices on both sides must match.
For Brackets, count the indices separately and take the maximum of each.
E.x.
a i j ( b i + c j + d k ) a_{ij}(b_i+c_j+d_k) aij(bi+cj+dk)
- i i i twice in the first combined term, dummy index
- j j j twice in the second combined term, dummy index
- k k k once in the third combined term, free index
Non-Identities
1. a i j ( x i + y j ) ≠ a i j x i + a i j y j 2. a i j x i y j ≠ a i j x j y i 3. ( a i j + a j i ) x i y j ≠ 2 a i j x i y j \begin{aligned} &1.\quad a_{ij}(x_i+y_j) \ne a_{ij}x_i + a_{ij}y_j \\ &2.\quad a_{ij}x_iy_j \ne a_{ij}x_jy_i \\ &3.\quad (a_{ij}+a_{ji})x_iy_j \ne 2a_{ij}x_iy_j \end{aligned} 1.aij(xi+yj)=aijxi+aijyj2.aijxiyj=aijxjyi3.(aij+aji)xiyj=2aijxiyj
Identities
1. a i j ( x j + y j ) = a i j x j + a i j y j 2. a i j x i y j = a i j y j x i 3. a i j x i x j = a j i x i x j 4. ( a i j + a j i ) x i x j = 2 a i j x i x j 5. ( a i j − a j i ) x i x j = 0 \begin{aligned} &1.\quad a_{ij}(x_j+y_j) = a_{ij}x_j + a_{ij}y_j \\ &2.\quad a_{ij}x_iy_j = a_{ij}y_jx_i \\ &3.\quad a_{ij}x_ix_j = a_{ji}x_ix_j \\ &4.\quad (a_{ij}+a_{ji})x_ix_j = 2a_{ij}x_ix_j \\ &5.\quad (a_{ij}-a_{ji})x_ix_j = 0 \\ \end{aligned} 1.aij(xj+yj)=aijxj+aijyj2.aijxiyj=aijyjxi3.aijxixj=ajixixj4.(aij+aji)xixj=2aijxixj5.(aij−aji)xixj=0
Kronecker Delta
Define the symbol
δ
i
j
=
δ
i
j
=
δ
i
j
=
{
1
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0
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i
≠
j
\delta_{ij} = \delta_i^j = \delta^{ij} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} 1, \quad i = j \\ 0, \quad i \ne j \end{matrix} \right.
δij=δij=δij={1,i=j0,i=j
E.x.
δ i j x i x j = x i x i \delta_{ij}x_ix_j = x_ix_i δijxixj=xixi
Alternating Tensor
Define
ϵ
i
j
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0
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if any of
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are equal
ϵ
123
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ϵ
231
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ϵ
312
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1
ϵ
321
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ϵ
213
=
ϵ
132
=
−
1
\epsilon_{ijk} = 0, \qquad\text{if any of }i,j,k\text{ are equal}\\ \epsilon_{123} = \epsilon_{231} = \epsilon_{312} = 1 \\ \epsilon_{321} = \epsilon_{213} = \epsilon_{132} = -1 \\
ϵijk=0,if any of i,j,k are equalϵ123=ϵ231=ϵ312=1ϵ321=ϵ213=ϵ132=−1
Differentiation
∂ x i ∂ x j = δ i j , [ ∇ f ] i = ∂ f ∂ x i , ∇ ⋅ u = ∂ u j ∂ x j , [ ∇ × u ] i = ϵ i j k ∂ u k ∂ x j \frac{\partial x_i}{\partial x_j} = \delta_{ij}, \quad [\nabla f]_i = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_i}, \quad \nabla\cdot\bm{u} = \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_j}, \quad [\nabla\times\bm{u}]_i = \epsilon_{ijk}\frac{\partial u_k}{\partial x_j} ∂xj∂xi=δij,[∇f]i=∂xi∂f,∇⋅u=∂xj∂uj,[∇×u]i=ϵijk∂xj∂uk