创建Web Client
您可使用缺省设置创建一个 WebClient
:
WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx);
您亦可使用配置选项来创建客户端:
WebClientOptions options = new WebClientOptions()
.setUserAgent("My-App/1.2.3");
options.setKeepAlive(false);
WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx, options);
Web Client配置选项继承自 HttpClient
配置选项,使用时可根据实际情况选择。
如已在程序中创建 HttpClient
,可用以下方式复用:
WebClient client = WebClient.wrap(httpClient);
发送请求
无请求体的简单请求
一般情况下,HTTP GET,OPTIONS以及HEAD请求没有请求体,可用以下方式发送无请求体的HTTP Requests(HTTP请求):
WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx);
// 发送GET请求
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// 获取响应
HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
//发送HEAD请求
client
.head(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// 获取响应
HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
您可用以下链式方式向请求URI添加查询参数
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.addQueryParam("param", "param_value")
.send(ar -> {});
在请求URI中的参数将会被预填充
HttpRequest<Buffer> request = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri?param1=param1_value¶m2=param2_value");
// 添加param3(参数3)
request.addQueryParam("param3", "param3_value");
// 覆盖param2(参数2)
request.setQueryParam("param2", "another_param2_value");
设置请求URI将会自动清除已有的查询参数
HttpRequest<Buffer> request = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
// 添加param1(参数1)
request.addQueryParam("param1", "param1_value");
// 覆盖param1(参数1)同时新增param2(参数2)
request.uri("/some-uri?param1=param1_value¶m2=param2_value");
填充请求体
如需要发送请求体,可使用相同的API并在最后加上 sendXXX
方法发送相应的请求体。
例如用 sendBuffer
方法发送一个缓冲体:
client
.post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.sendBuffer(buffer, ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
有时候我们并不希望将所有数据一次性全部读入内存,因为文件太大或希望同时处理多个请求,希望每个请求仅使用最小的内存。出于此目的,Web Client可用 sendStream
方法发送流式数据 ReadStream<Buffer>
(例如 AsyncFile
便是一个 ReadStream<Buffer>
):
client
.post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.sendStream(stream, resp -> {});
Web Client会为您设置好传输泵以平滑传输流。如果流长度未知则使用分块传输(chunked transfer)。
如已知流的大小,可在HTTP协议头中设置 content-length
属性
fs.open("content.txt", new OpenOptions(), fileRes -> {
if (fileRes.succeeded()) {
ReadStream<Buffer> fileStream = fileRes.result();
String fileLen = "1024";
// 用POST方法发送文件
client
.post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.putHeader("content-length", fileLen)
.sendStream(fileStream, ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
}
});
此时POST方法不会使用分块传输。
JSON体
有时您需要在请求体中使用JSON格式,可使用 sendJsonObject
方法发送 JsonObject
:
client
.post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.sendJsonObject(new JsonObject()
.put("firstName", "Dale")
.put("lastName", "Cooper"), ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
在Java,Groovy以及Kotlin语言中,您亦可使用 sendJson
方法发送POJO(Plain Old Java Object),该方法会自动调用 Json.encode
方法将 POJO 映射为 JSON:
client
.post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.sendJson(new User("Dale", "Cooper"), ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
请注意:
Json.encode
方法使用Jackson的 mapper将 POJO 映射成 JSON。
表单提交
您可使用 sendForm
方法发送HTTP表单。
MultiMap form = MultiMap.caseInsensitiveMultiMap();
form.set("firstName", "Dale");
form.set("lastName", "Cooper");
// 用URL编码方式提交表单
client
.post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.sendForm(form, ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
缺省情况下,提交表单的请求头中的 content-type
属性值为 application/x-www-form-urlencoded
,您亦可将其设置为 multipart/form-data
:
MultiMap form = MultiMap.caseInsensitiveMultiMap();
form.set("firstName", "Dale");
form.set("lastName", "Cooper");
// 用分块方式编码提交表单
client
.post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.putHeader("content-type", "multipart/form-data")
.sendForm(form, ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
请注意:当前版本并不支持分块文件编码(multipart files,即文件上传),该功能可能在将来版本中予以支持。
填充请求头
您可使用以下方式填充请求头:
HttpRequest<Buffer> request = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
MultiMap headers = request.headers();
headers.set("content-type", "application/json");
headers.set("other-header", "foo");
此处 Headers 是一个 MultiMap
对象,提供了增加、设置以及删除头属性操作的入口。HTTP头的某些特定属性允许设置多个值。
您亦可通过 putHeader
方法写入头属性:
HttpRequest<Buffer> request = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
request.putHeader("content-type", "application/json");
request.putHeader("other-header", "foo");
重用请求
send
方法可被重复多次调用,这使得配置以及重用 HttpRequest
对象变得更加便捷:
HttpRequest<Buffer> get = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
get.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
// 再次发送同样的请求
get.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
当您需要更改请求时,可用 copy
方法复制一份请求的拷贝:
HttpRequest<Buffer> get = client.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri");
get.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
});
// 获取同样的请求
get.copy()
.putHeader("an-header", "with-some-value")
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
}
超时
您可通过 timeout
方法设置超时时间。
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.timeout(5000)
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// Ok
} else {
// 此处可填入超时处理部分代码
}
});
若请求在设定时间内没返回任何数据,则一个超时异常将会传递给响应处理代码。
处理HTTP响应
Web Client请求发送之后,返回的结果将会被包装在异步结果 HttpResponse
中。
当响应被成功接收到之后,相应的回调函数将会被触发。
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
警告:缺省状况下,响应会被完全缓冲读入内存,请用
BodyCodec.pipe
方法将响应写入流。
响应编解码器
缺省状况下,响应以缓冲形式提供,并不提供任何形式的解码。
可用 BodyCodec
将响应定制成以下类型:
- 普通字符串
- JSON对象
- 将JSON映射成POJO
WriteStream
响应体编解码器对二进制数据流解码,以节省您在响应处理中的代码。
使用 BodyCodec.jsonObject
将结果解码为JSON对象:
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.as(BodyCodec.jsonObject())
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
HttpResponse<JsonObject> response = ar.result();
JsonObject body = response.body();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode() + " with body " + body);
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
在Java,Groovy以及Kotlin语言中,JSON对象可被解码映射成POJO:
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.as(BodyCodec.json(User.class))
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
HttpResponse<User> response = ar.result();
User user = response.body();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode() + " with body " +
user.getFirstName() + " " + user.getLastName());
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
当响应结果较大时,请使用 BodyCodec.pipe
方法。响应体编解码器将响应结果压入 WriteStream
并在最后发出成功或失败的信号。
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.as(BodyCodec.pipe(writeStream))
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
HttpResponse<Void> response = ar.result();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
最后,如您对响应结果不感兴趣,可用 BodyCodec.none
废弃响应体。
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.as(BodyCodec.none())
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
HttpResponse<Void> response = ar.result();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
若无法预知响应内容类型,您依旧可以在获取结果之后,用 bodyAsXXX()
方法将其转换成特定的类型
client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();
// 将结果解码为Json对象
JsonObject body = response.bodyAsJsonObject();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode() + " with body " + body);
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
警告:这种方式仅对响应结果为缓冲体有效。
处理30x重定向
缺省状况下,客户端将会依照30x状态码自动重定向,您可使用 WebClientOptions
予以配置:
WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx, new WebClientOptions().setFollowRedirects(false));
客户端将会执行最多达16
次重定向,该参数亦可在 WebClientOptions
配置:
WebClient client = WebClient.create(vertx, new WebClientOptions().setMaxRedirects(5));
使用HTTPS
Vert.x Web Client可用与 HttpClient
相同方式配置HTTPS协议。
您可对每个请求单独设置:
client
.get(443, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.ssl(true)
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// 获取响应
HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
或使用绝对路径:
client
.getAbs("https://myserver.mycompany.com:4043/some-uri")
.send(ar -> {
if (ar.succeeded()) {
// 获取响应
HttpResponse<Buffer> response = ar.result();
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
} else {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + ar.cause().getMessage());
}
});
RxJava API
RxJava的 HttpRequest
提供了原版API的响应式版本,rxSend
方法返回一个可被订阅的 Single<HttpResponse<Buffer>>
,故单个 Single
可被多次订阅。
Single<HttpResponse<Buffer>> single = client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.rxSend();
// 发送一次请求,并处理其响应,rx通常通过订阅触发各种响应
single.subscribe(response -> {
System.out.println("Received 1st response with status code" + response.statusCode());
}, error -> {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + error.getMessage());
});
// 再次发送请求
single.subscribe(response -> {
System.out.println("Received 2nd response with status code" + response.statusCode());
}, error -> {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + error.getMessage());
});
获取到的 Single
可与其它RxJava API自然组合成链式处理
Single<String> url = client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.rxSend()
.map(HttpResponse::bodyAsString);
// 用flatMap将返回值内的链接作为参数传入lambda,在lambda中将其设置成发送请求,并返回Single,在下一步订阅中予以触发
url
.flatMap(u -> client.getAbs(u).rxSend())
.subscribe(response -> {
System.out.println("Received response with status code" + response.statusCode());
}, error -> {
System.out.println("Something went wrong " + error.getMessage());
});
之前的例子可写成
Single<HttpResponse<JsonObject>> single = client
.get(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.putHeader("some-header", "header-value")
.addQueryParam("some-param", "param value")
.as(BodyCodec.jsonObject())
.rxSend();
single.subscribe(resp -> {
System.out.println(resp.statusCode());
System.out.println(resp.body());
});
当发送请求体为 Observable<Buffer>
时,应使用 sendStream
:
Observable<Buffer> body = getPayload();
Single<HttpResponse<Buffer>> single = client
.post(8080, "myserver.mycompany.com", "/some-uri")
.rxSendStream(body);
single.subscribe(resp -> {
System.out.println(resp.statusCode());
System.out.println(resp.body());
});
当订阅时,body
将会被订阅,其内容将会被用于请求中。