之前有在学设计模式,感觉还是把一些常用的设计模式总结出来,方便我以后的回顾。
今天我要写的是设计模式之工厂模式
工厂模式一般包含工厂方法(factory method)和抽象工厂(abstract factory)
(1)工厂方法(factory method)
只是一些概念比较难理解,还是直接看代码(以下代码来自<HeadFirst设计模式>)
java 版本:
public class SimplePizzaFactory {
public Pizza createPizza(String type) {
Pizza pizza = null;
if (type.equals("cheese")) {
pizza = new CheesePizza();
} else if (type.equals("pepperoni")) {
pizza = new PepperoniPizza();p
} else if (type.equals("clam")) {
pizza = new ClamPizza();
}
}
return pizza;
}
python 版本:
class JSONParser:
def parse(self, raw_data):
return json.loads(raw_data)
class XMLParser:
def parse(self, raw_data):
return xml2dict(raw_data)
def new_parser(type, **kwargs):
if type == 'json':
return JSONParser()
elif type == 'xml':
return XMLParser()
parser = new_parser('json')
with open('hello.json') as fp:
data = parser.parse(fp.read())
print(data)
解释:
(1)有两个类:JSONParser 和 XMLParser ,工厂则是 new_parser()
(2)从代码 parser = new_parser('json') 看得出来在实例化对象的时候,只需要考虑哪种结构,而不是具体的类。
总结:
(2)抽象工厂(abstract factory)
提供一个接口,用于创建相关或依赖对象的家族,而不需要明确指定具体类
代码来源:https://github.com/faif/python-patterns/blob/master/creational/abstract_factory.py
import six
import abc
import random
class PetShop(object):
"""A pet shop"""
def __init__(self, animal_factory=None):
"""pet_factory is our abstract factory. We can set it at will."""
self.pet_factory = animal_factory
def show_pet(self):
"""Creates and shows a pet using the abstract factory"""
pet = self.pet_factory.get_pet()
print("We have a lovely {}".format(pet))
print("It says {}".format(pet.speak()))
print("We also have {}".format(self.pet_factory.get_food()))
# Stuff that our factory makes
class Dog(object):
def speak(self):
return "woof"
def __str__(self):
return "Dog"
class Cat(object):
def speak(self):
return "meow"
def __str__(self):
return "Cat"
# Factory classes
class DogFactory(object):
def get_pet(self):
return Dog()
def get_food(self):
return "dog food"
class CatFactory(object):
def get_pet(self):
return Cat()
def get_food(self):
return "cat food"
# Create the proper family
def get_factory():
"""Let's be dynamic!"""
return random.choice([DogFactory, CatFactory])()
# Implementation 2 of an abstract factory
@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
class Pet(object):
@classmethod
def from_name(cls, name):
for sub_cls in cls.__subclasses__():
if name == sub_cls.__name__.lower():
return sub_cls()
@abc.abstractmethod
def speak(self):
""""""
class Kitty(Pet):
def speak(self):
return "Miao"
class Duck(Pet):
def speak(self):
return "Quak"
# Show pets with various factories
if __name__ == "__main__":
for i in range(3):
shop = PetShop(get_factory())
shop.show_pet()
print("=" * 20)
for name0 in ["kitty", "duck"]:
pet = Pet.from_name(name0)
print("{}: {}".format(name0, pet.speak()))
### OUTPUT ###
# We have a lovely Cat
# It says meow
# We also have cat food
# ====================
# We have a lovely Dog
# It says woof
# We also have dog food
# ====================
# We have a lovely Cat
# It says meow
# We also have cat food
# ====================
# kitty: Miao
# duck: Quak
总结:工厂方法和抽象工厂的选择: 先使用工厂方法,当发现需要使用一系列工厂方法来创建多个对象的时候, 可以考虑把这些创建对象的过程合并到一个抽象工厂
参考资料:
(1)https://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns/
(2)http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//github.com/faif/python-patterns