设计模式之Builder模式
1 定义
构建者模式是将复杂对象的构建与其分离,使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。通俗一点说,就是把对象的构建过程交给内部静态类去完成。
如下代码所示:
public class User {
private final String firstName; // 必传参数
private final String lastName; // 必传参数
private final int age; // 可选参数
private final String phone; // 可选参数
private final String address; // 可选参数
private User(UserBuilder builder) {
this.firstName = builder.firstName;
this.lastName = builder.lastName;
this.age = builder.age;
this.phone = builder.phone;
this.address = builder.address;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public String getPhone() {
return phone;
}
public String getAddress() {
return address;
}
public static class UserBuilder {
private final String firstName;
private final String lastName;
private int age;
private String phone;
private String address;
public UserBuilder(String firstName, String lastName) {
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
}
public UserBuilder age(int age) {
this.age = age;
return this;
}
public UserBuilder phone(String phone) {
this.phone = phone;
return this;
}
public UserBuilder address(String address) {
this.address = address;
return this;
}
public User build() {
return new User(this);
}
}
}
2 使用场景
2.1 定制化类实例过多
开发中会遇到一种场景,类的成员变量太多,而获取实例的时候不一定需要全部初始化,只需要初始化部分且这种组合的成员变量初始化实例非常多,造成了类的构造方法个数非常多,导致代码非常臃肿。
针对上述情况,确实可以用无参构造结合set方法解决。但这种方法可阅读性差,可维护性也差。通俗一点说就是代码多行组合才成构建成一个对象实例,不能一眼看穿。
而采用创建者模式采用的是一行代码简单明了。如:
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
User build = new User.UserBuilder("郑", "辉").age(29).phone("15270855286").build();
}
}
3 经典的Builder
构建者模式UML图如下所示:
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如上图所示,builder模式有4个角色。
- Product: 最终要生成的对象,例如 Computer实例。
- Builder: 构建者的抽象基类(有时会使用接口代替)。其定义了构建Product的抽象步骤,其实体类需要实现这些步骤。其会包含一个用来返回最终产品的方法Product getProduct()。
- ConcreteBuilder: Builder的实现类。
- Director: 决定如何构建最终产品的算法. 其会包含一个负责组装的方法void Construct(Builder builder), 在这个方法中通过调用builder的方法,就可以设置builder,等设置完成后,就可以通过builder的 getProduct() 方法获得最终的产品。
Computer类:
public class Computer {
private String cpu;//必须
private String ram;//必须
private int usbCount;//可选
private String keyboard;//可选
private String display;//可选
public Computer(String cpu, String ram) {
this.cpu = cpu;
this.ram = ram;
}
public void setUsbCount(int usbCount) {
this.usbCount = usbCount;
}
public void setKeyboard(String keyboard) {
this.keyboard = keyboard;
}
public void setDisplay(String display) {
this.display = display;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Computer{" +
"cpu='" + cpu + '\'' +
", ram='" + ram + '\'' +
", usbCount=" + usbCount +
", keyboard='" + keyboard + '\'' +
", display='" + display + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
抽象构建者类:
public abstract class ComputerBuilder {
public abstract void setUsbCount();
public abstract void setKeyboard();
public abstract void setDisplay();
public abstract Computer getComputer();
}
实体构建者类,我们可以根据要构建的产品种类产生多了实体构建者类,这里我们需要构建两种品牌的电脑,苹果电脑和联想电脑,所以我们生成了两个实体构建者类。
苹果电脑构建者类:
public class MacComputerBuilder extends ComputerBuilder {
private Computer computer;
public MacComputerBuilder(String cpu, String ram) {
computer = new Computer(cpu, ram);
}
@Override
public void setUsbCount() {
computer.setUsbCount(2);
}
@Override
public void setKeyboard() {
computer.setKeyboard("苹果键盘");
}
@Override
public void setDisplay() {
computer.setDisplay("苹果显示器");
}
@Override
public Computer getComputer() {
return computer;
}
}
联想电脑构建者类:
public class LenovoComputerBuilder extends ComputerBuilder {
private Computer computer;
public LenovoComputerBuilder(String cpu, String ram) {
computer=new Computer(cpu,ram);
}
@Override
public void setUsbCount() {
computer.setUsbCount(4);
}
@Override
public void setKeyboard() {
computer.setKeyboard("联想键盘");
}
@Override
public void setDisplay() {
computer.setDisplay("联想显示器");
}
@Override
public Computer getComputer() {
return computer;
}
}
指导者类(Director):
public class ComputerDirector {
public void makeComputer(ComputerBuilder builder){
builder.setUsbCount();
builder.setDisplay();
builder.setKeyboard();
}
}
使用:首先创建一个指导者,再创建一个构建者,指导者调用某个构建逻辑,需要传入一个构建者,最终构建一个产品对象。
public static void main(String[] args) {
ComputerDirector director=new ComputerDirector();//1
ComputerBuilder builder=new MacComputerBuilder("I5处理器","三星125");//2
director.makeComputer(builder);//3
Computer macComputer=builder.getComputer();//4
System.out.println("mac computer:"+macComputer.toString());
ComputerBuilder lenovoBuilder=new LenovoComputerBuilder("I7处理器","海力士222");
director.makeComputer(lenovoBuilder);
Computer lenovoComputer=lenovoBuilder.getComputer();
System.out.println("lenovo computer:"+lenovoComputer.toString());
}