Hibernate悲观锁/乐观锁

如果需要保证数据访问的排它性，则需对目标数据加“锁”，使其无法被其它程序修改

一，悲观锁

对数据被外界（包括本系统当前的其它事务和来自外部系统的事务处理）修改持保守态度，通过数据库提供的锁机制实现

最常用的，是对查询进行加锁（LockMode.UPGRADE和LockMode.UPGRADE_NOWAIT）：

public class Test {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Configuration conf = new Configuration();  
        SessionFactory sessionFactory = conf.configure().buildSessionFactory(); 
        
        Session sess = sessionFactory.openSession();
        Transaction tran = sess.beginTransaction();
        
        String hql = "from User where id = 1";
        Query query = sess.createQuery(hql);
        query.setLockOptions(LockOptions.UPGRADE);
        List<User> list = query.list();
        for(User user : list){
        	System.out.print(user.getName()+" ");
        }
        System.out.println();

        tran.commit();
        
        sess.close(); 
	}
}

Hibernate会在生成的SQL后面加上for update子句：

Hibernate: select user0_.id as id0_, user0_.name as name0_, user0_.age as age0_ 
		from TEST_USER user0_ where user0_.id=1 for update
longlong 

通过for update子句，这条SQL锁定了TEST_USER表中符合检索条件的记录，本次事务提交前，外界无法修改这些记录，事务提交时会释放事务过程中的锁

Hibernate提供了2个锁对象，LockMode和LockOptions：

通过LockOptions的源代码，可以发现LockOptions只是LockMode的简单封装（在LockMode的基础上提供了timeout和scope）：

......
/**
 * NONE represents LockMode.NONE (timeout + scope do not apply)
 */
public static final LockOptions NONE = new LockOptions(LockMode.NONE);

/**
 * READ represents LockMode.READ (timeout + scope do not apply)
 */
public static final LockOptions READ = new LockOptions(LockMode.READ);

/**
 * UPGRADE represents LockMode.UPGRADE (will wait forever for lock and
 * scope of false meaning only entity is locked)
 */
public static fin