scala中的协变,逆变

最新推荐文章于 2022-05-31 08:32:24 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-05-31 08:32:24 发布

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trait Queue[+T] { ... }

Preﬁxing a formal type parameter with a + indicates that subtyping is covariant (ﬂexible) in that parameter. By adding this single character, you are telling Scala that you want Queue[String], for example, to be considered a subtype of Queue[AnyRef]. The compiler will check that Queue is deﬁned in a way that this subtyping is sound.Besides +, there is also a preﬁx -, which indicates contravariant subtyping.
If Queue were deﬁned like this:

trait Queue[-T] { ... }

then if T is a subtype of type S, this would imply that Queue[S] is a subtype of Queue[T] (which in the case of queues would be rather surprising!).Whether a type parameter is covariant, contravariant, or nonvariant is called the parameter’s variance . The + and - symbols you can place next to type parameters are called variance annotations.