简明python教程学习笔记(三)

Python一个备份程序

这里需要调用rar命令，首先把rar命令加入到环境变量里面来：

我的RAR.exe 在C:\Program Files\WinRAR，加入环境变量后，示例备份程序helloworld.py mymodule.py到myPythonProgram.rar

<span style="font-family:Microsoft YaHei;font-size:14px;">#Backup script
#DOS下解压命令行：rar a myPythonProgram mymodule.py helloworld.py

#导入模块
import os  
import time

#源路径
source = [r'.\mymodule.py', r'.\helloworld.py']

#目标路径
targetDir = r'.\myPythonProgram'

#DOS压缩命令
rarCommand = 'rar a %s %s' % (targetDir, ' '.join(source))

#执行DOS命令
if os.system(rarCommand) == 0:
    print('Backup successful')
else:
    print('failed')
    print(rarCommand)</span>

Python面向对象一个程序示例

一个例子代码展示如下：

<span style="font-family:Microsoft YaHei;font-size:14px;">#using class and object

#定义类
class Person:
    #类变量population,相当于c++中静态成员变量
    population = 0

    #init初始化函数 相当于c++构造函数
    def __init__(self, name):
        #self.name是对象成员
        self.name = name
        print('initialise %s' % self.name)       
        Person.population += 1

    #del函数 相当于c++析构函数
    def __del__(self):
        print('%s is dying' % self.name)
       if self.__class__.population > 0:
             self.__class__.population -= 1

    #成员函数
    def sayHi(self):
        print('hi, my name is %s' % self.name)

    #成员函数
    def howMany(self):
        if Person.population == 1:
            print('I am the last person')
        else:
            print('there are %d person left' % Person.population)

#创造对象
p1 = Person('Tom')
p1.sayHi()
p1.howMany()

p2 = Person('Jack')
p2.sayHi()
p2.howMany()

#result: 
# initialise Tom
# hi, my name is Tom
# I am the last person
# initialise Jack
# hi, my name is Jack
# there are 2 person left
# Jack is dying
# Tom is dying</span>

这里需要注意在类的del函数里面，访问类变量(class variable)用self.__class__.来代替，否则可能会报如下错误：

Exception AttributeError: "'NoneType' object has no attribute

python读写文件示例

一个读写文件的示例：

<span style="font-family:Microsoft YaHei;font-size:14px;">#using files

#待写入的文本
text = '''\
I felt very happy.
Today I go out


He is stupid'''

#以写入方式打开文件
f = open('test.txt', 'w') #可以是二进制写'wb'
#写入
f.write(text)
#关闭文件
f.close()

#读文件
f = open('test.txt', 'r') #不写‘r’，默认是只读打开,也可以二进制读'rb'
while True:
    line = f.readline()
    if len(line) == 0: #为0表示文件结束        
        break
    else:
        print(line)
#关闭文件    
f.close()
#result:
# I felt very happy.

# Today I go out





# He is stupidV</span>

python自定义异常对象、捕获异常

<span style="font-family:Microsoft YaHei;font-size:14px;">#using exception

#处理异常
try:
    text = input('please input something:')
except EOFError:
    print('you enter EOF!')
except KeyboardInterrupt:
    print('you canceld the operation')
else:
    print('you entered %s' % text)

#在windows DOS下结果：
# please input something:^Z
# you enter EOF!
# please input something:you canceld the operation [ctr + c]
# please input something:how are you
# you entered how are you

#自定义异常对象并引发
class MyInputException(Exception):  
    def __init__(self, length, least):  
        Exception.__init__(self)  
        self.length = length  
        self.least = least  

try:
    text = input('please input again:')
    if len(text) < 4:
        raise MyInputException(len(text), 4)
except EOFError:
    print('you input EOF!')
except MyInputException as ex:
    print('you enter %d , at least %d' % (ex.length, ex.least)) 
finally:
    print('you entered %s' % text)</span>

sys.argv小程序

下面这个例子来自a byte of python是练习sys.argv的

<span style="font-family:Microsoft YaHei;font-size:14px;">#using sys.argv

import sys

#读文件函数
def readfiles(filename):
    try:
        f = open(filename, 'r')
    except Exception:
        print('%s not exist!' % filename)
        return
    while True:
        line = f.readline()
        if len(line) == 0:
            break
        else:
            print(line)

#命令行命令解析
if sys.argv[1].startswith('--'):  #解析参数选项
    option = sys.argv[1][2:]
    if option == 'version':
        print('version 1.1')
    elif option == 'help':
        print('''\
    This program prints file to standard
    option includes:
    --version: print current version
    --help: show help''')
    else:
        print('unknown option')
else:                             #打印文件
    for filename in sys.argv[1:]:  #注意这里元组slice的用法 灵活方便</span>