Haskell 4

overloaded重载，使定义的函数满足多个Instance，当调用函数时自动找符合的instance

(出现类型约束的，都是重载函数)

class Eq a where
(==) :: a -> a -> Bool (这些都是instance)
(/=) :: a -> a -> Bool
(/=) x y = not (x == y)

class Num a where
(+) :: a -> a -> a
negate :: a -> a

1.自定义一个class

class Sizable a where
size :: a -> Int

instance Sizable Int where
size :: Int -> Int
size x = x

instance Sizable Bool where
size :: Bool -> Int
size True = 1
size False = 0

instance Sizable Integer where
size :: Integer -> Int
size x = fromInteger x

instance Sizable [a] where
size :: [a] -> Int
size xs = sum (map size xs)

hasSize :: Sizable a => a -> Int
hasSize x = size x

可以代替{-

hasSize1 :: Int -> Int
hasSize1 x = x

hasSize2 :: Bool -> Int
hasSize2 True = 1
hasSize2 False = 0

hasSize3 :: Integer -> Int
hasSize3 x = fromInteger x

-}

2.自定义一个类型(data types)，表示一年四季

data Bool = True | False (两者中的一个)
data People = Age Sex Name (三者都包含)

data Season = Spring | Summer | Fall | Winter (自定义类型)

instance Show Season where (为了能够show )
show Spring = “Spring”
show Summer = “Summer”
show Fall = “Fall”
show Winter = “Winter”

自定义show时特别注意格式，data和instance一行，show空两格

instance Eq Season where (为了能够Eq)
Spring == Spring = True
Summer == Summer = True
Fall == Fall = True
Winter == Winter = True
_ == _ = False

isHot :: Season -> Bool
isHot Spring = True
isHot Summer = True
isHot Fall = True
isHot Winter = False

3.type Name = String

自定义一个星期七天

data Week = Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday deriving (Show, Eq)

–instance Show Week where
–deriving Show代替(instance Show Week where)将Monday, Tuesday……转换为String类型

derving+ …，可以免除定义

print x = putStr (show x)

定义表示人的类型People，包括姓名，性别和年龄

type Name = String
type Age = Int
type Sex = Man | Woman derving (Show ,Eq)
data People = Person Name Sex Age (Person 这些是构造符)

instance Show People where show

(Person name sex age) = name ++ “,” ++ show sex ++　show age

对于[a]

data List a ＝ Nil | Cons a (List a)

–举几个例子，Nil, Cons x Nil , Cons x (Cons x Nil)

instance Show a =>Show (List a) where
show Nil = “[]”
show (Cons x xs) = show x ++ “:” ++ show xs

电话号码本

type PhoneNumber = String
type PhoneBook = [(Name,PhoneNumber)]

data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a

data Ordering = LT | EQ | GT

(LT 即less than ,GT即great than)

lookUp :: PhoneBook -> Name -> PhoneNumber
lookUp [] name = (根据otherwise推下去发现缺少递归基)
lookUp ((n,p) : ps) name
| n == name = p
| otherwise = lookUp ps name

myPhoneBook = [(“Gao”,”1232”),(“Wang”,”2323”)]

给定表达式，如2,2+2,2*3,7*4+2,计算值

data Expr = Num Int | Add Expr Expr | Mul Expr Expr
–instance Show
–instance Eq Expr

–2即Num 2 , 2+2即 Add (Num 2) (Num 2) , 2*3即Mul (Num 2) (Num 3) , 7*4+2即Add (Mul (Num 4) (Num 7) ) (Num 2)

eval :: Expr ->Int
eval (Num n) = n
eval (Add e1 e2) = (eval e1) + (eval e2)
eval (Mul e1 e2) = (eval e1) * (eval e2)