第四章 列表【Python编程快速上手】

#列表可以包含列表值
spam=[['cat','bat'],['dog','pig']]
print(spam[0][1])    #bat

spam=['cat','bat','dog','pig']
print(spam[0:-1])    #['cat', 'bat', 'dog']

#删除列表中的某个值
spam=['cat','bat','dog','pig']
print(spam)     #['cat','bat','dog','pig']
del spam        #已经删除整个列表
# print(spam)     # NameError: name 'spam' is not defined

spam=['cat','bat','dog','pig']
del spam[3]
print(spam)    #['cat', 'bat', 'dog']

# 4.2 使用列表
print('Enter the name of cat 1:')
catName1 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 2:')
catName2 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 3:')
catName3 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 4:')
catName4 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 5:')
catName5 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 6:')
catName6 = input()
print('The cat names are:')
print(catName1 + ' ' + catName2 + ' ' + catName3 + ' ' + catName4 + ' ' + catName5 + ' ' + catName6)

#不必使用多个重复的变量，可以使用单个变量，该变量包含一个列表值
catNames = []
while True:
    print('Enter the name of cat ' + str(len(catNames) + 1) + ' (Or enter "q" to stop.):')
    name = input()
    if name == '':
        break
    catNames = catNames + [name]  # list concatenation
print('The cat names are:')
for name in catNames:
    print('  ' + name)

# 4.2.3 多重赋值技巧
cat=['fat','black','loud']
size=cat[0]
color=cat[1]
disposition=cat[2]     # n. 性情，性格；倾向，癖性

#多重赋值方法:变量数目与列表长度必须严格相等
size,color,disposition = cat
print(size)
print(color)
print(disposition)

# 4.2.4 enumerate()函数：返回2个值，列表中表项的索引+列表中的表项自身
cat=['fat','black','loud']
for index,item in enumerate(cat):
    print(index)
    print(item)

# 4.2.5 random.choice()：从列表中返回一个随机的表项
import random
pets=['cat','dog','pig']
random.choice(pets)
print( random.choice(pets) )
print( random.choice(pets) )
print( random.choice(pets) )

# random.shuffle()：对列表中的表项重新/随机排序
import random
pets=['cat','dog','pig']
random.shuffle(pets)
print(pets)      #某次结果：['pig', 'dog', 'cat']
random.shuffle(pets)
print(pets)      #某次结果：['cat', 'pig', 'dog']


# 4.4 方法
## 4.4.1 index()方法：在列表中查找值
spam=['hello','hi','howdy','heyas']
print(spam.index('hi'))

##如果有重复的表项，返回它出现的第一个索引
spam=['hello','hi','hello','howdy','heyas']
print(spam.index('hello'))

## 4.6 序列类型
##适用于列表的也适用于字符串
name='Zophie'
print(name[0])
print(name[-2])
print(name[0:4])
if 'Zop' in name:
    print('True')

for i in name:
    print(i)

## 4.6.1 可变和不可变的类型
name='Zophie a cat'
newName=name[0:7]+'the'+name[8:]
print(name)
print(newName)

## 4.6.2 元组内只有一个值的情况下，在括号内加上
print(type(('apple',)))    #<class 'tuple'>

print(type(('apple')))     #<class 'str'>


# 4.6.3 用list()和tuple()函数来转换类型
print ( tuple(['cat','dog','pig']) )    #('cat', 'dog', 'pig')
print ( list(('cat','dog','pig')) )     #['cat', 'dog', 'pig']
print ( list('hello') )                 #['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']



# 4.7 引用
##整数是不可变的
spam=43
chess=spam
print(id(chess))    #2624911246896
print(id(spam))     #2624911246896

spam=100
print(chess)
print(spam)
print(id(chess))    #2624911246896
print(id(spam))     #1728411143504

##列表是可变的
spam=[0,1,2,3,4,5]
chess=spam
chess[1]='hello'

print(chess)        #[0, 'hello', 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(spam)         #[0, 'hello', 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(id(chess))    #2007464569600
print(id(spam))     #2007464569600

## 4.7.1 id()函数
print(id('hello'))   #2258180235248

bacon='holiday'      #2258180237552
print(id(bacon))

pets=['cat','dog']
print(id(pets))          #2258180314944
pets.append('pig')
print(id(pets))          #2258180314944

pets=['cat','dog','pig']
print(id(pets))          #2915067828224

#4.7.3 copy模块的copy()
import copy
spam=['A','B','C','D']
print(id(spam))            #2606676384512

chess=copy.copy(spam)       #2663137942016
print(id(chess))

chess[1]=42
print(chess)        #['A', 42, 'C', 'D']
print(spam)         #['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']


##deepcopy():要复制的列表里边的列表，嵌套列表
import copy
spam=[[1,2],[3,4],'C','D']
a=copy.copy(spam)

b=copy.deepcopy(spam)
print(id(spam[0]))          #2068719364864
print(id(a[0]))             #2068719364864
print(id(b[0]))             #2068719411136

# 4.8 Conway的生命游戏
# Conway's Game of Life
import random, time, copy
WIDTH = 60    #格子60宽，20高
HEIGHT = 20

# Create a list of list for the cells:
nextCells = []
for x in range(WIDTH):
    column = []                   # Create a new column. 一列列的成为一整个格子
    for y in range(HEIGHT):       #HEIGHT为循环长度
        if random.randint(0, 1) == 0:     #如果随机值为0，添加“#”，代表细胞活着
            column.append('#') # Add a living cell.
        else:
            column.append(' ') # Add a dead cell.
    nextCells.append(column) # nextCells is a list of column lists.

while True:         # Main program loop.
    print('\n\n\n\n\n')     # Separate each step with newlines.5行空格
    currentCells = copy.deepcopy(nextCells)

    # Print currentCells on the screen:
    for y in range(HEIGHT):    #一行一行的打印出来
        for x in range(WIDTH):
            print(currentCells[x][y], end='') # Print the # or space.
        print() # Print a newline at the end of the row.

    # Calculate the next step's cells based on current step's cells:
    for x in range(WIDTH):
        for y in range(HEIGHT):
            # Get neighboring coordinates:   上下细胞索引：利用取模运算实现环绕
            # `% WIDTH` ensures leftCoord is always between 0 and WIDTH - 1
            leftCoord  = (x - 1) % WIDTH
            rightCoord = (x + 1) % WIDTH
            aboveCoord = (y - 1) % HEIGHT
            belowCoord = (y + 1) % HEIGHT

            # Count number of living neighbors:每个细胞有8个邻居
            numNeighbors = 0   #邻居数量
            if currentCells[leftCoord][aboveCoord] == '#':
                numNeighbors += 1                # Top-left neighbor is alive.
            if currentCells[x][aboveCoord] == '#':
                numNeighbors += 1                # Top neighbor is alive.
            if currentCells[rightCoord][aboveCoord] == '#':
                numNeighbors += 1                # Top-right neighbor is alive.
            if currentCells[leftCoord][y] == '#':
                numNeighbors += 1                 # Left neighbor is alive.
            if currentCells[rightCoord][y] == '#':
                numNeighbors += 1                  # Right neighbor is alive.
            if currentCells[leftCoord][belowCoord] == '#':
                numNeighbors += 1                   # Bottom-left neighbor is alive.
            if currentCells[x][belowCoord] == '#':
                numNeighbors += 1                     # Bottom neighbor is alive.
            if currentCells[rightCoord][belowCoord] == '#':
                numNeighbors += 1                     #Bottom-right neighbor is alive.

            # Set cell based on Conway's Game of Life rules:
            if currentCells[x][y] == '#' and (numNeighbors == 2 or numNeighbors == 3):
                # Living cells with 2 or 3 neighbors stay alive:
                nextCells[x][y] = '#'
            elif currentCells[x][y] == ' ' and numNeighbors == 3:
                # Dead cells with 3 neighbors become alive:
                nextCells[x][y] = '#'
            else:
                # Everything else dies or stays dead:
                nextCells[x][y] = ' '
    time.sleep(1) # Add a 1 second pause to reduce flickering.时间暂停1秒