26.拷贝构造I

//: C11: HowMany.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

static int objectCount = 0;

class HowMany
{
  public:
    HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); }
    void print(const string& msg = "")
    {
       if(msg.size()!=0)
         cout << msg << ": ";
       cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl;
    }
    ~HowMany()
    {
      objectCount--;
      print("~HowMany()");
    }
};

//Pass and return BY VALUE
HowMany f(HowMany x)
{
  cout << "begin of f" << endl;
  x.print("x argument inside f()");
  cout << "end of f" << endl;
  return x;
}

int main()
{
  HowMany h; //调用构造函数 HowMany():objectCount = 1
  h.print("after construction of h"); //after construction of h: objectCount = 1
  HowMany h2 = f(h); //使用f(h)时候 
                     //begin of f
                     //x argument inside f():objectCount = 1
                     //end of f
                     //HowMany h2调用构造函数
                     //~HowMany():objectCount = 0

  h.print("after call to f()"); //after call to f():objectCount = 0
                                //调用析构函数
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = -1
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = -2
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

static int objectCount = 0;

class HowMany
{
  public:
    HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); }
    void print(const string& msg = "")
    {
       if(msg.size()!=0)
         cout << msg << ": ";
       cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl;
    }
    ~HowMany()
    {
      objectCount--;
      print("~HowMany()");
    }
};

//Pass and return BY VALUE
HowMany f(HowMany x)
{
  cout << "begin of f" << endl;
  x.print("x argument inside f()");
  cout << "end of f" << endl;
  return x;
}

int main()
{
  HowMany h; //调用构造函数 HowMany():objectCount = 1
  h.print("after construction of h"); //after construction of h: objectCount = 1
  HowMany h2 = h; //这里构造了一个h2出来,但是这个构造没有经过构造函数.                   
  h.print("after call to f()"); //after call to f():objectCount = 1
                                //调用析构函数
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = 0
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = -1
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

static int objectCount = 0;

class HowMany
{
  public:
    HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); }
    HowMany(int i) { objectCount++; print("HowMany(int)"); }
    void print(const string& msg = "")
    {
       if(msg.size()!=0)
         cout << msg << ": ";
       cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl;
    }
    ~HowMany()
    {
      objectCount--;
      print("~HowMany()");
    }
};

//Pass and return BY VALUE
HowMany f(HowMany x)
{
  cout << "begin of f" << endl;
  x.print("x argument inside f()");
  cout << "end of f" << endl;
  return x;
}

int main()
{
  HowMany h; //调用构造函数 HowMany():objectCount = 1
  h.print("after construction of h"); //after construction of h: objectCount = 1
  HowMany h2(10); //HowMany(int):objectCount = 2
  //也可写为HowMany h2 = 10;
  h.print("after call to f()"); //after call to f():objectCount = 2
                                //调用析构函数
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = 1
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = 0
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

static int objectCount = 0;

class HowMany
{
  public:
    HowMany() { objectCount++; print("HowMany()"); }
    HowMany(int i) { objectCount++; print("HowMany(int)"); }
    HowMany(const HowMany& o) { objectCount++; print("HowMany(HM)");}
    void print(const string& msg = "")
    {
       if(msg.size()!=0)
         cout << msg << ": ";
       cout << "objectCount = " << objectCount << endl;
    }
    ~HowMany()
    {
      objectCount--;
      print("~HowMany()");
    }
};

//Pass and return BY VALUE
HowMany f(HowMany x)
{
  cout << "begin of f" << endl;
  x.print("x argument inside f()");
  cout << "end of f" << endl;
  return x;
}

int main()
{
  HowMany h; //调用构造函数 HowMany():objectCount = 1
  h.print("after construction of h"); //after construction of h: objectCount = 1
  HowMany h2 = h; //HowMany(int):objectCount = 2
  h.print("after call to f()"); //after call to f():objectCount = 2
                                //调用析构函数
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = 1
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = 0
}

int main()
{
  HowMany h; //调用构造函数 HowMany():objectCount = 1
  h.print("after construction of h"); //after construction of h: objectCount = 1
  HowMany h2 = f(h); //f里面的x,h2
  //这种写法相当于HowMany h2(f(h)).所以f里面的x需要调用构造函数HowMany(HM).
  //HowMany(HM):objectCount = 2
  //begin of f
  //x argument inside f():objectCount = 2
  //end of f
  //接着h2调用构造函数
  //HowMany(HM):onjectCount = 3  
 //~HowMany():objectCount = 2
  h.print("after call to f()"); //after call to f():objectCount = 2
                                //调用析构函数
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = 1 
                                //~HowMany():objectCount = 0
}

拷贝构造

T::T(const T&); //成员对成员的拷贝，不是字节对字节的拷贝