知识点--（private interface)

刚开始在论坛里提到private interface时候，很多人都很迷惑：interface
不是让别人来实现的吗，为什么会有private的interface啊！应该说这不全对，
的确，同class一样，一般的interface只能是public或是friendly的（当然还
可以是class还可以是final的，如果你不想别人改写你的class），但是对于
nesting inteface 是可以被声明为private的：先看看《TIJ》中是一个简单例子：
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
//: c08:NestingInterfaces.java
// From 'Thinking in Java, 2nd ed.' by Bruce Eckel
// www.BruceEckel.com. See copyright notice in CopyRight.txt.

class A {
  interface B {
    void f();
  }
  public class BImp implements B {
    public void f() {}
  }
  private class BImp2 implements B {
    public void f() {}
  }
  public interface C {
    void f();
  }
  class CImp implements C {
    public void f() {}
  }
  private class CImp2 implements C {
    public void f() {}
  }
  private interface D {//---private
    void f();
  }
  private class DImp implements D { //was implemented by private class
    public void f() {}
  }
  public class DImp2 implements D {//Notice:was implements by public class
    public void f() {}
  }
  public D getD() { return new DImp2(); }
  private D dRef;
  public void receiveD(D d) {
    dRef = d;
    dRef.f();
  }
}

interface E {
  interface G {
    void f();
  }
  // Redundant "public":
  public interface H {
    void f();
  }
  void g();
  // Cannot be private within an interface:
  //! private interface I {}
}

public class NestingInterfaces {
  public class BImp implements A.B {
    public void f() {}
  }
  class CImp implements A.C {
    public void f() {}
  }
  // Cannot implement a private interface except
  // within that interface's defining class:
  //! class DImp implements A.D {
  //!  public void f() {}
  //! }
  class EImp implements E {
    public void g() {}
  }
  class EGImp implements E.G {
    public void f() {}
  }
  class EImp2 implements E {
    public void g() {}
    class EG implements E.G {
      public void f() {}
    }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    A a = new A();
    // Can't access A.D:
    //because D is private
    //! A.D ad = a.getD();
    // Doesn't return anything but A.D:
    //!A.DImp2 di2 = a.getD();
    /**Error message---------------+
     ---------- Compile  ----------
      NestingInterfaces.java:83: incompatible types
      found   : A.D
      required: A.DImp2
      A.DImp2 di2 = a.getD();                       ^
      1 error
    ----------------------------------*/
    // Cannot access a member of the interface:
    //! a.getD().f();
    /**--Error Messae-------------------
    ---------- Compile  ----------
    NestingInterfaces.java:85: f() in A.D is not defined
    in a public class or interface; cannot be accessed from
    outside package
    a.getD().f();       ^
    1 error
    -------------------------------------*/
    // Only another A can do anything with getD():
    A a2 = new A();
    a2.receiveD(a.getD());
  }
} ///:~
==================================================================
刚开始我认为privte interface只能被private 实现，但是很明显， public class DImp2
也实现了private interface，不过虽然DImp2是public的，但是他却不能对外界说他实现了一个
private interface，也就是说在inteface D所在class外产生的DImp2的对象不能向上转型，
+--动手实验一下-----------------------+
class PrivateInterface
{
  private interface InterfaceTest {//private
  void f();
 }                  
public class ImplementsTest implements InterfaceTest
{
  public void f(){//override
    System.out.println("Test_1");
 }
}
  public InterfaceTest Getme(){
    return new ImplementsTest();
 }
  public void Test(InterfaceTest ab){
    ab.f();
    System.out.println(ab);
 }
  public static void main(String arg[]){
  PrivateInterface a = new PrivateInterface();
  //PrivateInterface.InterfaceTest pi=a.Getme();//Upcasting:可以向上转型，在同一个class中
   pi.f(); //NO problem
   a.Test(a.Getme());//NO problem
 }
}
class Mytest
{
   public static void main(String args[]){
   PrivateInterface m= new PrivateInterface();
   // m.Test(m.Getme());//可以通过这个来调用f()
   /**--------------------Reason-----------------------------+
   因为Getme()和Test()都是public的，所以对外是可被
   调用的,且Test()方法中的对象拥有对Getme()返回值(x)的
   使用权，所以可以通过Test()来调用(x),并通过x来调用
   ImplementsTest中的f(),[实际上是：x先向上转型为
   InterfaceTest，然后再调用对应的覆写方法，这里因该是
   用到了多态里面的后期绑定吧（late-binding）]
   +----------------------------------------------------------------*/
   //由于InterfaceTest是private的，所以对外不可见。
   //更谈不上向上转型了（见下）：
   PrivateInterface.InterfaceTest pi=m.Getme();//Errior
   pi.f();//Error
}
}
---------- Compile  ----------
PrivateInterface.java:30: PrivateInterface.InterfaceTest has private
access in PrivateInterface
    PrivateInterface.InterfaceTest pi=m.Getme();
                    ^
PrivateInterface.java:31: f() in PrivateInterface.InterfaceTest is not
defined in a public class or interface; cannot be accessed from outside package
 pi.f();
          ^
2 errors

输出完成 (耗时 1 秒) - 正常终止
+---------------------------------------------+
初步认识，可能有不准确或是遗漏的地方，继续认识当中…………