python3__面向对象__类的内置属性与方法

0.object类源码

class object:
    """ The most base type """
    def __delattr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement delattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __dir__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        __dir__() -> list
        default dir() implementation
        """
        return []

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ default object formatter """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        This method is called when a class is subclassed.
        
        The default implementation does nothing. It may be
        overridden to extend subclasses.
        """
        pass

    def __init__(self): # known special case of object.__init__
        """ Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(cls, *more): # known special case of object.__new__
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __reduce_ex__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ helper for pickle """
        pass

    def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ helper for pickle """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __setattr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement setattr(self, name, value). """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        __sizeof__() -> int
        size of object in memory, in bytes
        """
        return 0

    def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return str(self). """
        pass

    @classmethod # known case
    def __subclasshook__(cls, subclass): # known special case of object.__subclasshook__
        """
        Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
        
        This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
        It should return True, False or NotImplemented.  If it returns
        NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used.  Otherwise, it
        overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
        """
        pass

    __class__ = None # (!) forward: type, real value is ''
    __dict__ = {}
    __doc__ = ''
    __module__ = ''

1.常用内置属性说明

①__class__:说明对象处于哪一个模块中的哪一个类

②[类名].__dict__:打印类的所有属性与方法(包括继承自基类的属性和方法)（包括内置属性和方法）

   [对象].__dict__:打印对象的所有属性（私有和公有）

③[类名].__doc__:打印类的注释

④[对象].__module__:打印对象所在模块

myTime.py

import time

class MyTime(object):
    at = "MyTime Class"

    def now_time(self):
        print(time.time())

main.py

from myTime import MyTime


class Cat(object):
    """这是一个猫类"""
    ac = "Cat class"

    def __init__(self, name, count):
        self.name = name
        self.__count = count

    def tell(self):
        print(self.name)


class Dog(Cat):
    ad = "Dog Class"

    def __init__(self, name, count, sex):
        super(Dog, self).__init__(name, count)
        self.sex = sex

    def haha(self):
        print("Dog haha")


if "__main__" == __name__:

    c = Cat("miao", 12)
    d = Dog("xiaogou", 12, "female")

    t = MyTime()

    print(c.__class__)  # <class '__main__.Cat'>
    print(t.__class__)  # <class 'myTime.MyTime'>
    print(Cat.__dict__)
    print(d.__dict__)
    print(c.__doc__)  # 这是一个猫类
    print(d.__doc__)  # None
    print(c.__module__)  # __main__
    print(d.__module__)  # __main__
    print(t.__module__)  # myTime

3.内置方法说明

①__new__:在__init__函数之前执行，创建并返回一个新的对象。利用这个方法和类属性的特性可以实现设计模式中的单例模式。

class SingleItem(object):
    __instance = None

    def __init__(self):
        print("__init__")

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print("__new__")

        if cls.__instance == None:
            cls.__instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, *kwargs)

        return cls.__instance

    def show(self):
        print(self.__instance)


if "__main__" == __name__:
    
    s1 = SingleItem()
    s1.show()  # <__main__.SingleItem object at 0x000001A309BD7E48>
    s2 = SingleItem()
    s2.show()  # <__main__.SingleItem object at 0x000001A309BD7E48>

②__str__: 在使用print语句时被调用。

class Test(object):
    __name = "__name"
    __age = "__age"

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def __str__(self):
        return self.__name


if "__main__" == __name__:

    s1 = Test("maxin", 23)
    print(s1)
    print(str(s1))

③__call__: 将实例对象作为函数调用（也就是需要加（））

class Fruit(object):
    class Growth(object):
        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            print("growth...")

    growth = Growth()


if "__main__" == __name__:
    f1 = Fruit()
    f1.growth()
    Fruit.growth()

④__getitem,__setitem,__delitem: 将类封装成一个字典的形式

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.dict = {}

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        if item in self.dict:
            return self.dict[item]
        else:
            return None

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.dict[key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print("__delitem__")


if "__main__" == __name__:

    p1 = Person("maxin")
    print(p1["age"])
    p1["age"] = 23
    print(p1["age"])
    del p1["age"]  # __delitem__
    print(p1["age"])