SaltStack之配置管理

1. YAML语言

YAML是一种直观的能够被电脑识别的数据序列化格式，是一个可读性高并且容易被人类阅读，容易和脚本语言交互，用来表达资料序列的编程语言。

它类似于标准通用标记语言的子集XML的数据描述语言，语法比XML简单很多。

YAML语言的格式如下：

house:
  family:
    name: Doe
    parents:
      - John
      - Jane
    children:
      - Paul
      - Mark
      - Simone
  address:
    number: 34
    street: Main Street
    city: Nowheretown
    zipcode: 12345

YAML的基本规则：

• 使用缩进来表示层级关系，每层2个空格，禁止使用TAB键
• 当冒号不是处于最后时，冒号后面必须有一个空格
• 用 - 表示列表，- 的后面必须有一个空格
• 用 # 表示注释

YAML配置文件要放到SaltStack让我们放的位置，可以在SaltStack的 Master 配置文件中查找file_roots即可看到。

[root@vm1 ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
----
#
file_roots:
  base:
    - /srv/salt/base
#
----
[root@vm1 ~]# mkdir -p /src/salt/base
[root@vm1 ~]# tree /src/salt/
/src/salt/
└── base

1 directory, 0 files
[root@vm1 ~]# systemctl restart salt-master

需要注意：

• base是默认的位置，如果file_roots只有一个，则base是必备的且必须叫base，不能改名

2. 用SaltStack配置一个apache实例

2.1 在vm1上部署sls配置文件并执行

[root@vm1 ~]# cd /srv/salt/base
[root@vm1 base]# ls
[root@vm1 base]# mkdir -p web/apache
[root@vm1 base]# tree web
web
└── apache

1 directory, 0 files
[root@vm1 base]# cd web/apache/
[root@vm1 apache]# touch apache.sls
[root@vm1 apache]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Aug 17 10:23 apache.sls
[root@vm1 apache]# vim apache.sls
[root@vm1 apache]# cat apache.sls 
apache-install:
  pkg.installed:
    - name: httpd

apache-service:
  service.running:
    - name: httpd
    - enable: True

//YAML 配置文件中顶格写的被称作ID，必须全局唯一，不能重复
// SaltStack 读 YAML 配置文件时是从上往下读，所以要把先执行的写在前面

[root@vm1 apache]# ls /srv/salt/base/web/apache/
apache.sls

//执行状态描述文件
[root@vm1 ~]# salt 'vm2' state.sls web.apache.apache
vm2:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 10:54:25.420493
    Duration: 549.023 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The service httpd is already running
     Started: 10:54:25.970393
    Duration: 58.474 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for vm2
------------
Succeeded: 2
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time: 607.497 ms

2.2 在vm2上检查

[root@vm2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2020-08-17 10:52:26 EDT; 3min 26s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 3403 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─3403 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─3462 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─3463 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─3464 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─3465 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─3466 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Aug 17 10:52:01 vm2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Aug 17 10:52:21 vm2 httpd[3403]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reli...e
Aug 17 10:52:26 vm2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@vm2 ~]# ss -tanl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN      0      128     *:22                  *:*                  
LISTEN      0      100    127.0.0.1:25                  *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128    :::80                 :::*                  
LISTEN      0      128    :::22                 :::*                  
LISTEN      0      100       ::1:25                 :::*     

由以上内容可知apache确实已部署成功。

执行状态文件的技巧：

• 先用test.ping测试需要执行状态文件的主机是否能正常通信，然后再执行状态文件

3. top file

3.1 top file介绍

直接通过命令执行sls文件时够自动化吗？答案是否定的，因为我们还要告诉某台主机要执行某个任务，自动化应该是我们让它干活时，它自己就知道哪台主机要干什么活，但是直接通过命令执行sls文件并不能达到这个目的，为了解决这个问题，top file 应运而生。

top file就是一个入口，top file的文件名可通过在 Master的配置文件中搜索top.sls找出，且此文件必须在 base 环境中，默认情况下此文件必须叫top.sls。

top file的作用就是告诉对应的主机要干什么活，比如让web服务器启动web服务，让数据库服务器安装mysql等等。

top file 实例：

[root@vm1 ~]# cd /srv/salt/base/
[root@vm1 base]# ls
web
[root@vm1 base]# vim top.sls
[root@vm1 base]# cat top.sls
base:         //要执行状态文件的环境
  'vm2':         //要执行状态文件的目标
    - web.apache.apache     //要执行的状态文件

//停止vm2的httpd
[root@vm2 ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@vm2 ~]# ss -tanl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN      0      128     *:22                  *:*                  
LISTEN      0      100    127.0.0.1:25                  *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128    :::22                 :::*                  
LISTEN      0      100       ::1:25                 :::*

[root@vm1 ~]# salt 'vm2' state.highstate    //使用高级状态来执行
vm2:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 20:58:37.430945
    Duration: 576.921 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The service httpd is already running
     Started: 20:58:38.008930
    Duration: 52.296 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for vm2
------------
Succeeded: 2
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time: 629.217 ms

[root@vm2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2020-08-18 20:56:52 EDT; 3min 28s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 4338 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─4338 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─4339 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─4340 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─4341 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─4342 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─4343 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Aug 18 20:56:22 vm2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Aug 18 20:56:32 vm2 httpd[4338]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reli...e
Aug 18 20:56:52 vm2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full

注意：

若top file里面的目标是用 * 表示的，要注意的是，top file里面的 * 表示的是所有要执行状态的目标，而 salt ‘*’ state.highstate 里面的 * 表示通知所有机器干活，而是否要干活则是由top file来指定的

3.2 高级状态highstate的使用

管理SaltStack时一般最常用的管理操作就是执行高级状态

[root@vm1 ~]# salt ‘*’ state.highstate //生产环境禁止这样使用salt命令

注意：

上面让所有人执行高级状态，但实际工作当中，一般不会这么用，工作当中一般都是通知某台或某些台目标主机来执行高级状态，具体是否执行则是由top file来决定的。

若在执行高级状态时加上参数test=True，则它会告诉我们它将会做什么，但是它不会真的去执行这个操作。

[root@vm2 ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@vm2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2020-08-18 20:56:52 EDT; 3min 28s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 4338 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─4338 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─4339 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─4340 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─4341 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─4342 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─4343 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Aug 18 20:56:22 vm2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Aug 18 20:56:32 vm2 httpd[4338]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reli...e
Aug 18 20:56:52 vm2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@vm2 ~]# 
[root@vm2 ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@vm2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Tue 2020-08-18 21:04:10 EDT; 10s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
  Process: 4677 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 4338 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 4338 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"

Aug 18 20:56:22 vm2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Aug 18 20:56:32 vm2 httpd[4338]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reli...e
Aug 18 20:56:52 vm2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Aug 18 21:04:09 vm2 systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Server...
Aug 18 21:04:10 vm2 systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full


//在vm1上执行高级状态的测试
[root@vm1 ~]# salt 'vm2' state.highstate test=True  
vm2:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 21:05:46.385256
    Duration: 564.107 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: None
     Comment: Service httpd is set to start
     Started: 21:05:46.950234
    Duration: 55.098 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for vm2
------------
Succeeded: 2 (unchanged=1)
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time: 619.205 ms

//在vm2上查看httpd是否启动
[root@vm2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Tue 2020-08-18 21:04:10 EDT; 3min 12s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
  Process: 4677 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 4338 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 4338 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"

Aug 18 20:56:22 vm2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Aug 18 20:56:32 vm2 httpd[4338]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reli...e
Aug 18 20:56:52 vm2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Aug 18 21:04:09 vm2 systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Server...
Aug 18 21:04:10 vm2 systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full

//由此可见高级状态并没有执行，因为httpd并没有启动