Well-Known Text (WKT) Representation of Spatial Reference Systems:顾名思义用众所周知的文字形式来描述看见坐标参照系统,它与EPSG(2005年已经换名)的坐标文字表述模型一致。
基础知识:坐标参照系有三种最常见的子类:地心坐标系(geocentric cs、GEOCCS),地理坐标系(geographic cs、GEOGCS),和投影坐标系(projected cs、PROJCS)以及相互之间的关系,可以参考《坐标系、坐标参照系、坐标变换、投影变换》。投影参数内容: Ellipsoid 、 Datum ;Projection,可以参考《地图投影为什么》。
坐标系的文字描述的扩展BN范式(EBNF)定义如下:
=
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= PROJECTION[" "]
= PARAMETER[" ", ]
=
= DATUM[" ", ]
= SPHEROID[" ", , ]
= NOTE: semi-major axis is measured in meters and must be > 0.
=
= PRIMEM[" ", ]
=
=
=
= UNIT[" ", ]
=
以下示例说明,参照上述参数,然后比瓢画葫芦即可自行用WKT创建坐标系。
地理坐标系的格式: = GEOGCS[" ", , , ]
WGS1984的地理坐标系WKT形式:
GEOGCS["WGS 84",
DATUM["WGS_1984",
SPHEROID["WGS 84", 6378137, 298.257223563, AUTHORITY["EPSG", "7030"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG", "6326"]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich", 0, AUTHORITY["EPSG", "8901"]],
UNIT["degree", 0.0174532925199433, AUTHORITY["EPSG", "9122"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG", "4326"]]
投影坐标系的格式: = PROJCS[" ", , , { ,}* ]
WGS1984地理坐标,统一横轴墨卡托(UTM)投影,中央经线117E的投影坐标系WKT 形式:
PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 50N",
GEOGCS["WGS 84", DATUM["WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS 84", 6378137, 298.257223563, AUTHORITY["EPSG", "7030"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG", "6326"]], PRIMEM["Greenwich", 0, AUTHORITY["EPSG", "8901"]], UNIT["degree", 0.0174532925199433, AUTHORITY["EPSG", "9122"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG", "4326"]],
PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin", 0],
PARAMETER["central_meridian", 117],
PARAMETER["scale_factor", 0.9996],
PARAMETER["false_easting", 500000],
PARAMETER["false_northing", 0],
UNIT["metre", 1, AUTHORITY["EPSG", "9001"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG", "32650"]]
地心坐标系格式相似于地理坐标系: = GEOCCS[" ", , , ]
参数中出现AUTHORITY是EPSG的玩意,在自定义坐标系时可以忽略,我会在后面详细介绍EPSG相关内容。 WKT更具体的可参考OGC相关文档:如SFA、《SF for OLE/COM》等。
练习:给出下属投影坐标系参数,请用WKT方式表述。
投影参数:椭球体,Krasovsky_1940;基准面,北京1954;投影:兰勃特双标准纬线,25N, 47N;中央经线,117E。
参考答案:
PROJCS["liongg",
GEOGCS["GCS_Beijing_1954",
DATUM["D_Beijing_1954",SPHEROID["Krasovsky_1940",6378245.0,298.3]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],
UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]],
PROJECTION["Lambert_Conformal_Conic"],
PARAMETER["False_Easting",20500000.0],
PARAMETER["False_Northing",0.0],
PARAMETER["Central_Meridian",0.0],
PARAMETER["Standard_Parallel_1",25.0],
PARAMETER["Standard_Parallel_2",47.0],
PARAMETER["Scale_Factor",1.0],
PARAMETER["Latitude_Of_Origin",0.0],
UNIT["Meter",1.0]]
有个偷懒的方法就是用商业软件譬如ArcGIS按照参数新建投影,然后在.prj文件中提取投影内容并修改。