postgresql|数据库|LVM快照热备冷恢复数据库的思考

一,

LVM快照备份的意义

数据库备份一直是数据库运维工作中的重点,一个完备的备份不仅仅是仅有后悔药的功能,还可能有迁移数据库的作用。

那么,数据库备份系统我们需要的,也就是看重的是四个点,甚至更多的点

第一个是备份的范围准确,例如,物理备份数据库文件,但数据库运行的几十个G日志也跟着备份出来了,这无疑是增加了备份的负担,毕竟无效的数据,没谁愿意保存管理,

第二个是备份的速度,例如某个比较大的数据库,数据量达到几个T,利用SQL转储方式备份一两天才能完成,这无疑是错误的,毕竟,除了备份,我们还需要使用数据库,而转储可能会有锁表的情况发生,导致停库的时间不可计划,进而数据库部分或者全部不可使用。那么,调整备份策略,使用其它的工具提高备份的效率,无疑会减少停库锁表这样的风险了。

第三个是备份后的恢复还原操作的复杂性,例如,某个数据库我们顺利完成了备份,但恢复还原的操作非常复杂,有着各种的先后顺序,一步错就可能导致前功尽弃或者毁掉整个数据库,那么,无疑的,这种备份是失败的

第四个是备份后的恢复还原效率,例如,某种数据库备份后,由于数据库是非常庞大的,恢复还原还是需要十几个小时,甚至几天,这无疑是不可接受的备份还原,我们应该认为这是一种错误的备份恢复策略。

而lvm快照备份和还原系统是可以满足我们的备份效率的,还原效率可能是有待商榷的,毕竟lvm快照备份的根本底层是建立在操作系统的文件系统下,但,据我估计,还原只是取决于硬盘的读写速度而已了,因为,lvm快照基本是没有什么逻辑的,类似于dd命令,只是要求IO读写速度而已。

从备份范围来说,LVM快照基本是整分区备份,当然也就是全库备份,目前没有什么增量备份策略,需要注意到的是,lvm快照恢复是需要数据库停机,也就是冷恢复的,对于冷恢复方式比较介意的同学就不需要看下面的内容了(冷恢复,指的是恢复还原的时候,数据库完全停止,lvm快照的恢复方式决定了在恢复的时候必须要卸载源分区,数据库自然就停掉了)

下面将在VMware里模拟一个在虚拟机内运行的postgresql数据库,利用lvm快照备份和还原的例子

二,

lvm快照使用前的一些基本概念

1,什么是LVM

LVM是 Logical Volume Manager(逻辑卷管理)的简写,该技术使得动态管理磁盘成为一个可能

那么,何谓动态磁盘管理?

我们知道操作系统有运行和关闭两种状态,动态的意思就是操作系统一直是运行状态,在对磁盘做扩缩容等等调整的时候,不会影响操作系统的运行,也不影响硬盘内的每个分区的数据,反之,静态的磁盘管理就是跑到机箱跟前,关闭操作系统,然后把某个硬盘拿掉,或者直接在操作系统内把某个分区格式化掉,数据清理掉,这无疑的操作效率是低效的,不安全的。

2,

根分区和其它分区的概念

这个不需要我多说了,Linux的一切都要从 /  也就是根开始,一个硬盘可以有四个主分区以及N个逻辑分区,而根分区毫无疑问是不可以格式化的,而其它分区,比如主分区,逻辑分区是可以格式化的,如果这些其它分区内的数据你确定不需要的时候。因此,有的时候,硬件运维工程师会直接一个硬盘只划分一个根分区,这个时候安装的Linux是仍然可以运行的。简单的理解根分区就好像Windows的C盘,也就是当你打开了一个Windows的电脑,虽然你可以格式化C盘,但无疑的,操作系统会报废(Windows低版本好像是可以)。

3,

新磁盘的挂载方式

有四种挂载方式,第一种,loop整盘挂载,也就是直接按自己的需求格式化后,创建一个挂载点挂载,这种方式是可以随时取消挂载的。卸载的时候,新磁盘的内容不会丢失,但分区无法动态扩展

第二种,新添加的磁盘作为根节点的扩容,这种方式无法取消挂载,新磁盘必须是lvm格式的,根节点同样是lvm格式的,可以在添加新磁盘扩展,但若其中一个硬盘损坏,整个服务器将不可用。

第三种,新添加的磁盘单独lvm,不作为任何其它的lvm扩容,这种方式是可以随时取消挂载的,前提是卸载相关的pv,vg,lv,卸载的时候,新磁盘的内容必定会丢失,分区可以动态扩展,新磁盘损坏不影响服务器运行

第四种,新添加的磁盘通过fdisk或者parted,划分普通分区,然后根据需要格式化为特定文件系统,例如,xfs,ext4等等,然后按自己需求挂载到指定挂载点。新磁盘的内容不会丢失,但分区无法动态扩展

那么,本文将只讨论第二种和第三种lvm形式的磁盘扩展管理

三,

新添加的磁盘作为根节点的扩容示例

计划使用VMware虚拟机进行演示,该VMware虚拟机最开始是是一个磁盘,lvm分区格式,后续添加一个新磁盘,新磁盘给根分区提供扩容空间。

两个磁盘,一个是100G,新磁盘是20G根分区扩容前:

[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1  4.2G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2017-09-06-10-51-00-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 

可以看到,sdb没有任何使用,sda有20G没有使用,这个没有使用的20G我们暂且不管,主要使用sdb这个新增磁盘以lvm格式加入到sda2也就是根节点

根节点扩容,以sdb这个新磁盘为扩展源:

  • A,先使用fdisk工具,将sdb磁盘转化为lvm格式

[root@centos5 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xd6585e20.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xd6585e20

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): 
Using default value 41943039
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
  • B,查看磁盘状态,发现sdb1还没有加入centos-root:

[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
sr0              11:0    1  4.2G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2017-09-06-10-51-00-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
  • C,将sdb1加入centos-root :

####注:先查询现有的vg是哪些,确定库容对象,vgs命令查询出来,扩容对象是centos,该vg现在只有一个pv

####注:第二个命令可以理解为组合命令,创建PV的同时扩容VG

[root@centos5 ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree
  centos   1   1   0 wz--n- 80.00g    0 

[root@centos5 ~]# vgextend centos /dev/sdb1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
  Volume group "centos" successfully extended
  • D,观察磁盘状态,可以看到名为centos的已扩展了一个PV,新磁盘sdb1也可以看到了

[root@centos5 ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize    VFree
  centos   2   1   0 wz--n- <100.00g    0 

[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
sr0              11:0    1  4.2G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2017-09-06-10-51-00-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="z2Rght-nYfZ-FxXe-Vc7H-WGoY-Raxk-JzTNa0" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
  • E开始扩容根分区:

####注:我这里偷懒了,懒得算什么pe的,直接让命令告诉我多少个pe,可以看到是5119个,一个pe是4M,第二个命令输出扩容结果,可以看到扩容成功

[root@centos5 ~]# lvextend -L +20G /dev/centos/root 
  Insufficient free space: 5120 extents needed, but only 5119 available
[root@centos5 ~]# lvextend -l +5119  /dev/centos/root 
  Size of logical volume centos/root changed from 80.00 GiB (20480 extents) to <100.00 GiB (25599 extents).
  Logical volume centos/root successfully resized.
  •  F,保存更改,同步磁盘更改到df命令:

####注,上面的blkid命令可以看到根分区是xfs格式的,因此,同步命令使用的是xfs_growfs 

[root@centos5 ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/centos/root 
meta-data=/dev/mapper/centos-root isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=5242880 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=20971520, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=10240, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 20971520 to 26213376
  •  G,检查是否扩容成功:

#####注,可以看到,扩容完美完成,一切都没有问题

[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0  100G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0  100G  0 lvm  /
sr0              11:0    1  4.2G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2017-09-06-10-51-00-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="z2Rght-nYfZ-FxXe-Vc7H-WGoY-Raxk-JzTNa0" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
[root@centos5 ~]# df -ah
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
sysfs                       0     0     0    - /sys
proc                        0     0     0    - /proc
devtmpfs                 2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev
securityfs                  0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/security
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
devpts                      0     0     0    - /dev/pts
tmpfs                    2.0G  9.0M  2.0G   1% /run
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd
pstore                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/pstore
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/memory
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/pids
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/devices
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
configfs                    0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/config
/dev/mapper/centos-root  100G  1.4G   99G   2% /
systemd-1                   -     -     -    - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
mqueue                      0     0     0    - /dev/mqueue
hugetlbfs                   0     0     0    - /dev/hugepages
debugfs                     0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/debug
/dev/sr0                 4.3G  4.3G     0 100% /mnt
/dev/sda1               1014M  136M  879M  14% /boot
tmpfs                    396M     0  396M   0% /run/user/0
binfmt_misc                 0     0     0    - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc

扩容后的总结

  • 优点:根分区可以持续扩展,当容量快耗尽的时候,可以增加新硬盘,按上面的方法继续的动态扩容
  • 缺点:无法创建lvm快照,因为lvm快照是对根分区快照,无法使用,强行使用的话,必须到服务器跟前进入应急模式后再使用快照,非常的危险,麻烦,其次,如果sdb磁盘损坏,无法卸载此磁盘,因为是根分区扩展形式,强行卸载的话,整个服务器将无法开机,总之,我们需要考虑新加磁盘的质量,例如,某个服务器根节点扩容了3 次,每次使用一个新磁盘,如果期间某个磁盘损坏,整个服务器的数据都将损坏

下面模拟MBR分区信息被覆盖导致磁盘故障的情形

###注:抹去sdb1的MBR信息

[root@centos5 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb1 bs=446 count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
446 bytes (446 B) copied, 0.000108516 s, 4.1 MB/s

此时,服务器已经无法读写数据,下面模拟的是写数据,可以看到写了334B数据就停止了,当然,重启服务器自然是进入紧急救援模式了,如何修复MBR本文就不在此讨论了 

[root@centos5 /]# dd if=/dev/random of=/testfile bs=100M count=200
dd: warning: partial read (93 bytes); suggest iflag=fullblock
^X^C0+41 records in
0+41 records out
334 bytes (334 B) copied, 1651.13 s, 0.0 kB/s
[root@centos5 /]# ls -al testfile 
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 334 Dec 23 06:55 testfile

四,

第三种挂载方式的演示

挂载前的磁盘信息:
[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2019-09-11-18-50-31-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
新磁盘sdb利用fdisk转化成lvm格式:
[root@centos5 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2cb32d47.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): 
Using default value 41943039
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
转化后新增的sdb1信息:

可以看到sdb1转化成了LVM2_member了

[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2019-09-11-18-50-31-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="uj3eg7-RN9e-u7Ev-OQqz-1F5b-AC5H-5Q4Dax" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
创建一个新的vg,名字就叫vg 
[root@centos5 ~]# vgcreate vg /dev/sdb1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
  Volume group "vg" successfully created
创建一个全新的lv,名字叫testlv,注意,这里只使用sdb1的10G,最后一个vg 是上面vgs查询出来的名字 
[root@centos5 ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos   1   1   0 wz--n-  80.00g      0 
  vg       1   0   0 wz--n- <20.00g <20.00g

[root@centos5 ~]# lvcreate -n testlv -L 10G vg
  Logical volume "testlv" created.
lv创建完成后,查看sdb1的磁盘信息 
[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
  └─vg-testlv   253:1    0   10G  0 lvm  
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2019-09-11-18-50-31-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="uj3eg7-RN9e-u7Ev-OQqz-1F5b-AC5H-5Q4Dax" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
格式化lv以准备使用,这里使用的是xfs文件系统 
[root@centos5 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vg
vg/          vga_arbiter  
[root@centos5 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vg/testlv 
meta-data=/dev/vg/testlv         isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
创建挂载点,手动挂载,挂载完毕后查看磁盘信息,blkid可以看到新增了 /dev/mapper/vg-testlv,文件系统格式为xfs
[root@centos5 ~]# mkdir /data
[root@centos5 ~]# mount -t xfs /dev/vg/testlv /data/
[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
  └─vg-testlv   253:1    0   10G  0 lvm  /data
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2019-09-11-18-50-31-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="uj3eg7-RN9e-u7Ev-OQqz-1F5b-AC5H-5Q4Dax" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/vg-testlv: UUID="a9506987-a65d-40a7-821a-638f3b3e2a22" TYPE="xfs" 
df命令可以看到挂载信息(最后一行),是符合我们的预期的,vg空余了10G,下面在从此vg里划分5G出来,扩展/dev/vg/testlv 这个lv,如果vgs查询,看不到剩余,将不可以库容
[root@centos5 ~]# df -ah
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
sysfs                       0     0     0    - /sys
proc                        0     0     0    - /proc
devtmpfs                 2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev
securityfs                  0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/security
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
devpts                      0     0     0    - /dev/pts
tmpfs                    2.0G  9.0M  2.0G   1% /run
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd
pstore                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/pstore
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/memory
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/pids
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/devices
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event
configfs                    0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/config
/dev/mapper/centos-root   80G  1.4G   79G   2% /
systemd-1                   0     0     0    - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
mqueue                      0     0     0    - /dev/mqueue
debugfs                     0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/debug
hugetlbfs                   0     0     0    - /dev/hugepages
/dev/sr0                 4.4G  4.4G     0 100% /mnt
/dev/sda1               1014M  136M  879M  14% /boot
tmpfs                    396M     0  396M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg-testlv     10G   33M   10G   1% /data
[root@centos5 ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos   1   1   0 wz--n-  80.00g      0 
  vg       1   1   0 wz--n- <20.00g <10.00g
 扩容/dev/vg/testlv 并同步信息到df命令,最终查看sdb1的磁盘信息
[root@centos5 ~]# lvextend -L +5G /dev/vg/testlv 
  Size of logical volume vg/testlv changed from 10.00 GiB (2560 extents) to 15.00 GiB (3840 extents).
  Logical volume vg/testlv successfully resized.
[root@centos5 ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/vg/testlv 
meta-data=/dev/mapper/vg-testlv  isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 2621440 to 3932160
[root@centos5 ~]# df -ah
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
sysfs                       0     0     0    - /sys
proc                        0     0     0    - /proc
devtmpfs                 2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev
securityfs                  0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/security
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
devpts                      0     0     0    - /dev/pts
tmpfs                    2.0G  9.0M  2.0G   1% /run
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd
pstore                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/pstore
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/memory
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/pids
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/devices
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
cgroup                      0     0     0    - /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event
configfs                    0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/config
/dev/mapper/centos-root   80G  1.4G   79G   2% /
systemd-1                   -     -     -    - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
mqueue                      0     0     0    - /dev/mqueue
debugfs                     0     0     0    - /sys/kernel/debug
hugetlbfs                   0     0     0    - /dev/hugepages
/dev/sr0                 4.4G  4.4G     0 100% /mnt
/dev/sda1               1014M  136M  879M  14% /boot
tmpfs                    396M     0  396M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg-testlv     15G   33M   15G   1% /data
binfmt_misc                 0     0     0    - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
  └─vg-testlv   253:1    0   15G  0 lvm  /data
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2019-09-11-18-50-31-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="uj3eg7-RN9e-u7Ev-OQqz-1F5b-AC5H-5Q4Dax" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/vg-testlv: UUID="a9506987-a65d-40a7-821a-638f3b3e2a22" TYPE="xfs" 

五,

lvm快照的示例

前面的演示中,我的sda盘留了19G没有使用,这个19G可以划分到sdb:

首先使用fdisk重新划分sda,把剩余的19G分到sda3这个分区,期间lsblk查询不到新分区,因此使用partprobe命令同步信息

[root@centos5 ~]# fdisk  /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0008cd1a

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200   169879551    83890176   8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 
First sector (169879552-209715199, default 169879552): 
Using default value 169879552
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (169879552-209715199, default 209715199): 
Using default value 209715199
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 19 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0008cd1a

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200   169879551    83890176   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sda3       169879552   209715199    19917824   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
  └─vg-testlv   253:1    0   15G  0 lvm  /data
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 ~]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2019-09-11-18-50-31-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="uj3eg7-RN9e-u7Ev-OQqz-1F5b-AC5H-5Q4Dax" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/vg-testlv: UUID="a9506987-a65d-40a7-821a-638f3b3e2a22" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@centos5 ~]# partprobe 
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.

 partprobe命令后,可以看到新划分的sda3,名为vg的这个vg也留了5G,因此扩展vg得到24G


[root@centos5 ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda2            8:2    0   80G  0 part 
│ └─centos-root 253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
└─sda3            8:3    0   19G  0 part 
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   20G  0 part 
  └─vg-testlv   253:1    0   15G  0 lvm  /data
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom  /mnt

[root@centos5 ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree 
  centos   1   1   0 wz--n-  80.00g     0 
  vg       1   1   0 wz--n- <20.00g <5.00g
[root@centos5 ~]# vgextend vg /dev/sda3
  Physical volume "/dev/sda3" successfully created.
  Volume group "vg" successfully extended
[root@centos5 ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos   1   1   0 wz--n-  80.00g      0 
  vg       2   1   0 wz--n- <38.99g <23.99g

注意,注意,lvm快照必须要有剩余的VFree,否则没有地方保存快照,下面开始创建lvm快照:

[root@centos5 ~]# lvcreate -s -n lvsnap1 -L +2G /dev/vg/testlv 
  Logical volume "lvsnap1" created.

这样创建的lvm快照有点不太友好,也就是脚本不能使用,修改成脚本可以使用的:

[root@centos5 ~]# date=$(date +'%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S')
[root@centos5 ~]# lvcreate -s  -n $date -L +2G /dev/vg/testlv 
  Logical volume "2023-12-26-22-51-38" created.

删除快照:

先查询有哪些快照

[root@centos5 ~]# lvdisplay 
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                DD3jlh-uziD-NkpQ-g2tY-rFk4-Bj0a-HPCDdV
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-06-18 08:45:58 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                80.00 GiB
  Current LE             20480
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/testlv
  LV Name                testlv
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                V0tsdx-zcpw-dZVu-80rc-J5q7-6pR5-5wojmc
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-23 21:44:14 +0800
  LV snapshot status     source of
                         2023-12-25 [active]
                         2023-12-26-22-51-38 [active]
                         2023-12-26-22-52-45 [active]
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:2
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/2023-12-25
  LV Name                2023-12-25
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                mM6liB-Az5L-EaiJ-U1Ra-TxUo-6AF0-d6jqPO
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-26 22:49:49 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  COW-table size         2.00 GiB
  COW-table LE           512
  Allocated to snapshot  0.01%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:4

 可以看到,快照有COW字样,和普通的lv是不一样的,并且Allocated to snapshot 

删除快照:

[root@centos5 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg/2023-12-25 -y
  Logical volume "2023-12-25" successfully removed

六,

lvm快照的秘密

先随便创建两个lvm快照,并查看快照使用率:

可以看到51-38和52-45两个快照的使用率都是0.01% ,Allocated to snapshot 就是快照的使用率,快照的大小是   COW-table size,快照的源是LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv,也就是testlv,快照的状态是 LV Status              available

[root@centos5 data]# lvdisplay 
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                DD3jlh-uziD-NkpQ-g2tY-rFk4-Bj0a-HPCDdV
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-06-18 08:45:58 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                80.00 GiB
  Current LE             20480
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/testlv
  LV Name                testlv
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                V0tsdx-zcpw-dZVu-80rc-J5q7-6pR5-5wojmc
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-23 21:44:14 +0800
  LV snapshot status     source of
                         2023-12-26-22-51-38 [active]
                         2023-12-26-22-52-45 [active]
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:2
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-51-38
  LV Name                2023-12-26-22-51-38
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                BSwfzP-aAof-2INU-q9xD-n8mf-F4dB-dWdK4o
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-26 22:51:40 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  COW-table size         2.00 GiB
  COW-table LE           512
  Allocated to snapshot  0.01%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:6
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45
  LV Name                2023-12-26-22-52-45
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                HwCQGm-2hc8-vQSg-yrBR-3zRI-3Xas-IAH02U
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-26 23:06:34 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  COW-table size         2.00 GiB
  COW-table LE           512
  Allocated to snapshot  0.01%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:4

 源分区内写入一些文件,并查看快照的详情:

可以看到,两个快照同时提升了使用率,说明两个快照同时生效了

[root@centos5 data]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/data/testfile bs=150M count=6
6+0 records in
6+0 records out
943718400 bytes (944 MB) copied, 3.71762 s, 254 MB/s
[root@centos5 data]# lvdisplay 
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                DD3jlh-uziD-NkpQ-g2tY-rFk4-Bj0a-HPCDdV
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-06-18 08:45:58 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                80.00 GiB
  Current LE             20480
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/testlv
  LV Name                testlv
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                V0tsdx-zcpw-dZVu-80rc-J5q7-6pR5-5wojmc
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-23 21:44:14 +0800
  LV snapshot status     source of
                         2023-12-26-22-51-38 [active]
                         2023-12-26-22-52-45 [active]
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:2
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-51-38
  LV Name                2023-12-26-22-51-38
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                BSwfzP-aAof-2INU-q9xD-n8mf-F4dB-dWdK4o
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-26 22:51:40 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  COW-table size         2.00 GiB
  COW-table LE           512
  Allocated to snapshot  31.18%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:6
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45
  LV Name                2023-12-26-22-52-45
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                HwCQGm-2hc8-vQSg-yrBR-3zRI-3Xas-IAH02U
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-26 23:06:34 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  COW-table size         2.00 GiB
  COW-table LE           512
  Allocated to snapshot  31.18%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:4

查看磁盘详情:

[root@centos5 data]# lsblk
NAME                                MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda                                   8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1                                8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda2                                8:2    0   80G  0 part 
│ └─centos-root                     253:0    0   80G  0 lvm  /
└─sda3                                8:3    0   19G  0 part 
sdb                                   8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1                                8:17   0   20G  0 part 
  ├─vg-testlv-real                  253:1    0   15G  0 lvm  
  │ ├─vg-testlv                     253:2    0   15G  0 lvm  /data
  │ ├─vg-2023--12--26--22--52--45   253:4    0   15G  0 lvm  
  │ └─vg-2023--12--26--22--51--38   253:6    0   15G  0 lvm  
  ├─vg-2023--12--26--22--52--45-cow 253:3    0    2G  0 lvm  
  │ └─vg-2023--12--26--22--52--45   253:4    0   15G  0 lvm  
  └─vg-2023--12--26--22--51--38-cow 253:5    0    2G  0 lvm  
    └─vg-2023--12--26--22--51--38   253:6    0   15G  0 lvm  
sr0                                  11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom  /mnt
[root@centos5 data]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2019-09-11-18-50-31-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos" 
/dev/sda1: UUID="326cd1a2-713a-4a37-85d9-8f1606083297" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda2: UUID="RoyB4E-tuJx-OSAn-uGvH-YOiH-rerF-51wkyI" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/sda3: UUID="zF0iGr-wVpE-NNF3-6lo9-aXmd-Mh7z-L58ijQ" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="uj3eg7-RN9e-u7Ev-OQqz-1F5b-AC5H-5Q4Dax" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="81ad8aed-bf72-4bd9-b9f4-8743e1dc074d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/mapper/vg-testlv: UUID="a9506987-a65d-40a7-821a-638f3b3e2a22" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/mapper/vg-2023--12--26--22--51--38: UUID="a9506987-a65d-40a7-821a-638f3b3e2a22" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/mapper/vg-2023--12--26--22--52--45: UUID="a9506987-a65d-40a7-821a-638f3b3e2a22" TYPE="xfs" 

挂载第一个快照,查看第一个快照的内容:

可以看到,快照保存的是打快照之前的/data目录下的内容

[root@centos5 ~]# mount -o nouuid  /dev/mapper/vg-2023--12--26--22--51--38 /media/

那么,Allocated to snapshot  指的是什么呢?其实,指的是快照所能容纳的源分区的改变,快照只记录文件的增加,文件的减少不记录,如何证明这个结论呢?

以上两个快照删除:

[root@centos5 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-51-38 -y
  Logical volume "2023-12-26-22-51-38" successfully removed
[root@centos5 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45 -y
  Logical volume "2023-12-26-22-52-45" successfully removed

 重新打一个lvm快照,源分区仍然是testlv,打快照之前,看看源分区有哪些文件,可以看到有两个900M的文件,还一个txt文件:

[root@centos5 ~]# ls -alh /data/
total 1.8G
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root   55 Dec 26 23:24 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 18 root root  272 Dec 25 23:38 ..
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 900M Dec 26 23:09 testfile
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 900M Dec 26 23:24 testfile1
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   20 Dec 26 23:07 test.txt
[root@centos5 ~]# lvcreate -s  -n $date -L +2G /dev/vg/testlv 
  Logical volume "2023-12-26-22-52-45" created.

查看快照:

快照仍然是2G大小,快照使用的还是0.01%

[root@centos5 ~]# lvdisplay  /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45
  LV Name                2023-12-26-22-52-45
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                K5dSeS-3Tfx-bcFr-HfZw-b6Xu-kckr-ZXawHW
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-26 23:33:54 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  COW-table size         2.00 GiB
  COW-table LE           512
  Allocated to snapshot  0.01%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:4

 删除源分区内的文件后,查看快照使用率:

文件减少不影响快照的使用率

[root@centos5 ~]# lvdisplay  /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45
  LV Name                2023-12-26-22-52-45
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                K5dSeS-3Tfx-bcFr-HfZw-b6Xu-kckr-ZXawHW
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-26 23:33:54 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  COW-table size         2.00 GiB
  COW-table LE           512
  Allocated to snapshot  0.01%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:4
   
[root@centos5 ~]# mount -o nouuid  /dev/mapper/vg-2023--12--26--22--52--45 /media/
[root@centos5 ~]# cd /media/
[root@centos5 media]# ls -al
total 1843204
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root        55 Dec 26 23:24 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 18 root root       272 Dec 25 23:38 ..
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 943718400 Dec 26 23:09 testfile
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 943718400 Dec 26 23:24 testfile1
-rw-r--r--   1 root root        20 Dec 26 23:07 test.txt

取消挂载,源分区增加2个900M的文件,并查看快照的使用率:

可以看到,使用率到88.33,换算下来确实是新增的testfile2和testfile3这两个文件

[root@centos5 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/data/testfile2 bs=150M count=6
6+0 records in
6+0 records out
943718400 bytes (944 MB) copied, 1.1629 s, 812 MB/s
[root@centos5 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/data/testfile3 bs=150M count=6
6+0 records in
6+0 records out
943718400 bytes (944 MB) copied, 0.930175 s, 1.0 GB/s
[root@centos5 ~]# lvdisplay  /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/2023-12-26-22-52-45
  LV Name                2023-12-26-22-52-45
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                K5dSeS-3Tfx-bcFr-HfZw-b6Xu-kckr-ZXawHW
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-26 23:33:54 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for testlv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  COW-table size         2.00 GiB
  COW-table LE           512
  Allocated to snapshot  88.33%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:4

 OK,现在删除源分区内的所有文件,并卸载源分区,然后使用这个快照恢复:

[root@centos5 ~]# rm -rf /data/*
[root@centos5 ~]# umount /data/
[root@centos5 ~]# lvconvert --merge /dev/vg/2023-12-27-08-01-39
  Merging of volume vg/2023-12-27-08-01-39 started.
  vg/testlv: Merged: 100.00%
[root@centos5 ~]# mount /dev/vg/testlv /data/
[root@centos5 ~]# ls /data/
testfile  testfile1  test.txt

此时,快照自动删除了,只要使用一次,快照就没有了:

[root@centos5 ~]# lvdisplay 
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                DD3jlh-uziD-NkpQ-g2tY-rFk4-Bj0a-HPCDdV
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-06-18 08:45:58 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                80.00 GiB
  Current LE             20480
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg/testlv
  LV Name                testlv
  VG Name                vg
  LV UUID                V0tsdx-zcpw-dZVu-80rc-J5q7-6pR5-5wojmc
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time centos5, 2023-12-23 21:44:14 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:3

 

小结:

数据盘单独挂载方式vgcreate和lvcreate,sdb磁盘如果损坏,并不会影响服务器整体的运行,卸载掉 /data 这个挂载点就可以了。

lvm快照是一次性的,只要使用了快照进行恢复,就自动删除

lvm快照是一种实时备份的方式,快照建立的时刻,源分区的所有数据就由与源分区同区的快照保存了,快照的速度是非常快的,通常在几秒内,而快照恢复也是十分迅速的,比dd命令快速N个量级,用于数据库的实时备份是完全可以的。(本例使用的/data目录是完全可以用于数据库的)

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