目录
什么是Java bytecode
- Java bytecode(Java字节码) 由单字节(byte)的指令组成,理论上最多支持 256 个操作码(opcode),实际上 Java 只使用了200左右的操作码, 还有一些操作码则保留给调试操作
Java bytecode分类
根据指令的性质,主要分为四个大类:
-
栈操作指令,包括与局部变量交互的指令
- JVM 是一台基于栈的计算机器
- 每个线程都有一个独属于自己的线程栈(JVM Stack),用于存储栈帧(Frame)
- 每一次方法调用、JVM 都会自动创建一个栈帧
- 栈帧由操作数栈、 局部变量数组以及一个 Class 引用组成
- Class 引用指向当前方法在运行时常量池中对应的 Class文件
-
程序流程控制指令
-
对象操作指令,包括方法调用指令
-
算术运算以及类型转换指令
生成Java字节码
假如有一个最简单的类,源代码如下:
package jvm;
public class HelloByteCode {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HelloByteCode helloByteCode = new HelloByteCode();
}
}
通过命令行窗口输入编译指令javac HelloByteCode.java
然后查看生成的字节码文件:javap -c HelloByteCode
D:\MyJavaProject\online-study\study\src\jvm>javac HelloByteCode.java
D:\MyJavaProject\online-study\study\src\jvm>javap -c HelloByteCode.class
Compiled from "HelloByteCode.java"
public class jvm.HelloByteCode {
public jvm.HelloByteCode();
Code:
0: aload_0 //表示从局部变量数组[0]取出
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
//最左边的一列数字表示的是字节码指令的字节偏移量,比如第一个 aload_0 占用一个字节
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
Code:
0: new #2 // class jvm/HelloByteCode
3: dup //压入栈中
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V 调用的是压入栈中的HelloByteCode的初始化方法
7: astore_1 //表示存入局部变量数组[1]
8: return
}
运行时常量池
可以通过指令javap -c -verbose HelloByteCode.class
查看当前字节码文件涉及到的所有作为字节码操作指令的操作数的常量
D:\MyJavaProject\online-study\study\src\jvm>javap -c -verbose HelloByteCode.class
Classfile /D:/MyJavaProject/online-study/study/src/jvm/HelloByteCode.class
Last modified 2021-11-3; size 292 bytes
MD5 checksum b1efe33959e598645c04876a64aefa7b
Compiled from "HelloByteCode.java"
public class jvm.HelloByteCode
minor version: 0
major version: 52 //版本号,52对应Java8,51对应Java7以此类推
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #4.#13 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V 表示调父类的初始化方法
#2 = Class #14 // jvm/HelloByteCode
#3 = Methodref #2.#13 // jvm/HelloByteCode."<init>":()V
#4 = Class #15 // java/lang/Object
#5 = Utf8 <init>
#6 = Utf8 ()V //表示空返回值、入参的方法
#7 = Utf8 Code
#8 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#9 = Utf8 main
#10 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#11 = Utf8 SourceFile
#12 = Utf8 HelloByteCode.java
#13 = NameAndType #5:#6 // "<init>":()V
#14 = Utf8 jvm/HelloByteCode
#15 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
{
public jvm.HelloByteCode();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC //表示这个方法是公共、静态的
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class jvm/HelloByteCode
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: return
LineNumberTable:
line 5: 0
line 6: 8
}
SourceFile: "HelloByteCode.java"
局部变量区(局部变量数组)
显示字节码文件用到的局部变量表
D:\MyJavaProject\online-study\study\src\jvm>javac -g HelloByteCode.java
D:\MyJavaProject\online-study\study\src\jvm>javap -c -verbose HelloByteCode.class
Classfile /D:/MyJavaProject/online-study/study/src/jvm/HelloByteCode.class
Last modified 2021-11-4; size 433 bytes
MD5 checksum 38989cc9b8bb9fcd88b9a13f90048b51
Compiled from "HelloByteCode.java"
public class jvm.HelloByteCode
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #4.#19 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #20 // jvm/HelloByteCode
#3 = Methodref #2.#19 // jvm/HelloByteCode."<init>":()V
#4 = Class #21 // java/lang/Object
#5 = Utf8 <init>
#6 = Utf8 ()V
#7 = Utf8 Code
#8 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#9 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
#10 = Utf8 this
#11 = Utf8 Ljvm/HelloByteCode;
#12 = Utf8 main
#13 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#14 = Utf8 args
#15 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
#16 = Utf8 helloByteCode
#17 = Utf8 SourceFile
#18 = Utf8 HelloByteCode.java
#19 = NameAndType #5:#6 // "<init>":()V
#20 = Utf8 jvm/HelloByteCode
#21 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
{
public jvm.HelloByteCode();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0 //表示字节码偏移量为0的字节码指令对应原Java文件的第3行
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Ljvm/HelloByteCode;
// start 0表示该本地变量数组的[0]空间从字节码偏移量0的指令开始就一直被占用,跨度是5个字节码偏移量
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V //方法描述符信息, 括号里面是参数类型, L打头代表数组; 括号后面的V表示没有返回值(类似于void)
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=1 //表示这段代码操作数栈的最大深度=2, 局部变量的槽位数=2(即变量数组的长度是2), 参数个数=1(就是main方法的入参args字符串数组)
0: new #2 // class jvm/HelloByteCode
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: return
LineNumberTable:
line 5: 0
line 6: 8
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 9 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
8 1 1 helloByteCode Ljvm/HelloByteCode;
}
SourceFile: "HelloByteCode.java"
算数操作与类型转换的字节码指令
方法调用的字节码指令
字节码的存储(从助记符到二进制)
字节码文件二进制存储
使用16进制格式查看字节码文件
其中开头cafe babe是所有字节码文件的相同开头,被称之为模数
模数之后的0000 0034 对应十进制数52表示版本号,即为Java8版本