多线程开发离不开锁机制,现在的Java语言中,提供了2种锁,一种是语言特性提供的内置锁,还有一种是 java.util.concurrent.locks 包中的锁,这篇文章简单整理一下内置锁的知识点。
内置锁在Java语言中的表现:
多线程的锁,其实本质上就是给一块内存空间的访问添加访问权限,因为Java中是没有办法直接对某一块内存进行操作的,又因为Java是面向对象的语言,一切皆对象,所以具体的表现就是某一个对象承担锁的功能,每一个对象都可以是一个锁。内置锁,使用方式就是使用 synchronized 关键字,synchronized 方法或者 synchronized 代码块。
每一种 synchronized 写法的锁是哪个对象:
1、指定当前对象加锁:
private synchronized void function() { //TODO execute something }
2、指定当前类的Class对象加锁:
private static synchronized void function() { //TODO execute something }
注意此处的 static 关键字。
3、指定任意对象加锁:
private void function() { synchronized (object) { //TODO execute something } }
此时,这段同步代码块的锁加在object对象上面。该对象可以是当前对象(object == this),也可以是当前类的Class对象(object == MyClass.class)。
简单验证一下:
现有如下的类:
public class SynchronizedTest { private Object lock = new Object(); public void synchronizedBlockOnObject(long executeTime) { synchronized (lock) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedBlockOnObject"); doSomething(executeTime); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedBlockOnObject"); } } public void synchronizedBlockOnThis(long executeTime) { synchronized (this) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedBlockOnThis"); doSomething(executeTime); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedBlockOnThis"); } } public void synchronizedBlockOnClass(long executeTime) { synchronized (SynchronizedTest.class) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedBlockOnClass"); doSomething(executeTime); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedBlockOnClass"); } } public synchronized void synchronizedMethodOnThis(long executeTime) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedMethodOnThis"); doSomething(executeTime); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedMethodOnThis"); } public static synchronized void synchronizedMethodOnClass(long executeTime) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedMethodOnClass"); doSomething(executeTime); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedMethodOnClass"); } private static void doSomething(long executeTime) { try { Thread.sleep(executeTime); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
1、static synchronized 方法 和 synchronized (MyClass.class) {} 同步代码块的锁都加在 MyClass.class 对象上面:
public static void main(String[] args) { SynchronizedTest synchronizedTest = new SynchronizedTest(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { SynchronizedTest.synchronizedMethodOnClass(3000); } }, "Thread static synchronized method").start(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronizedTest.synchronizedBlockOnClass(2000); } }, "Thread synchronized block on Class").start(); }
运行结果如下:
Thread static synchronized method -> start synchronizedMethodOnClass Thread static synchronized method -> end synchronizedMethodOnClass Thread synchronized block on Class -> start synchronizedBlockOnClass Thread synchronized block on Class -> end synchronizedBlockOnClass
说明当线程 Thread static synchronized method 进入方法 synchronizedMethodOnClass 的时候,线程Thread synchronized block on Class 是不能进入synchronizedBlockOnClass 代码块的。
2、非 static 的 synchronized 方法和 synchronized (this) {} 同步代码块的锁都加在当前对象上面:
public static void main(String[] args) { SynchronizedTest synchronizedTest = new SynchronizedTest(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronizedTest.synchronizedMethodOnThis(3000); } }, "Thread non-static synchronized method").start(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronizedTest.synchronizedBlockOnThis(2000); } }, "Thread synchronized block on this").start(); }
运行结果如下:
Thread non-static synchronized method -> start synchronizedMethodOnThis Thread non-static synchronized method -> end synchronizedMethodOnThis Thread synchronized block on this -> start synchronizedBlockOnThis Thread synchronized block on this -> end synchronizedBlockOnThis
说明当线程 Thread non-static synchronized method 进入方法 synchronizedMethodOnThis 的时候,线程Thread synchronized block on this 是不能进入synchronizedBlockOnThis 代码块的。
3、当锁加在 MyClass.class 、 this 、 任意对象,这三种情况,起不到任何同步作用:
public static void main(String[] args) { SynchronizedTest synchronizedTest = new SynchronizedTest(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronizedTest.synchronizedMethodOnThis(3000); } }, "Thread non-static synchronized method").start(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { SynchronizedTest.synchronizedMethodOnClass(2000); } }, "Thread static sybchronized method").start(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronizedTest.synchronizedBlockOnObject(4000); } }, "Thread sybchronized block on other Object").start(); }
运行结果如下:
Thread non-static synchronized method -> start synchronizedMethodOnThis Thread static sybchronized method -> start synchronizedMethodOnClass Thread sybchronized block on other Object -> start synchronizedBlockOnObject Thread static sybchronized method -> end synchronizedMethodOnClass Thread non-static synchronized method -> end synchronizedMethodOnThis Thread sybchronized block on other Object -> end synchronizedBlockOnObject
说明当锁没有加在同一个对象上的时候,起不到线程间的同步作用。
Object中对内置锁进行操作的一些方法:
wait()系列:
wait()系列方法的作用是:使当前已经获得该对象锁的线程进入等待状态,并且释放该对象的锁。
notify()系列:
notify()系列方法的作用是:唤醒那些正在等待该对象锁的线程,使其继续运行。
基于wait() notify()机制,我们可以实现一个简易的生产者-消费者模型。
大体思路如下,一个生产者线程负责向一个仓库中存放(put)物品,一个消费者线程负责从仓库中取出(get)物品。
代码如下:
public class Warehouse { private Queue<Integer> queue; private int capacity; public Warehouse(int capacity) { this.capacity = capacity; queue = new LinkedList(); } public synchronized void put(int num) { if (queue.size() >= capacity) { try { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " , put full wait"); wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } queue.add(num); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " , put : " + num + " , queue -> " + queue); notifyAll(); } public synchronized int get() { if (queue.isEmpty()) { try { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " , get empty wait"); wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } int num = queue.poll(); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " , get : " + num + " , queue -> " + queue); notifyAll(); return num; } }
public static void main(String[] args) { Warehouse warehouse = new Warehouse(4); Random random = new Random(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { while (true) { warehouse.put(random.nextInt(10)); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }, "生产者-01").start(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { while (true) { warehouse.get(); try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }, "消费者-01").start(); }
运行结果如下:
生产者-01 , put : 5 , queue -> [5] 消费者-01 , get : 5 , queue -> [] 生产者-01 , put : 7 , queue -> [7] 消费者-01 , get : 7 , queue -> [] 生产者-01 , put : 9 , queue -> [9] 生产者-01 , put : 7 , queue -> [9, 7] 消费者-01 , get : 9 , queue -> [7] 生产者-01 , put : 0 , queue -> [7, 0] 生产者-01 , put : 5 , queue -> [7, 0, 5] 消费者-01 , get : 7 , queue -> [0, 5] 生产者-01 , put : 9 , queue -> [0, 5, 9] 生产者-01 , put : 6 , queue -> [0, 5, 9, 6] 消费者-01 , get : 0 , queue -> [5, 9, 6] 生产者-01 , put : 4 , queue -> [5, 9, 6, 4] 生产者-01 , put full wait 消费者-01 , get : 5 , queue -> [9, 6, 4] 生产者-01 , put : 6 , queue -> [9, 6, 4, 6] 生产者-01 , put full wait 消费者-01 , get : 9 , queue -> [6, 4, 6] 生产者-01 , put : 2 , queue -> [6, 4, 6, 2] 生产者-01 , put full wait 消费者-01 , get : 6 , queue -> [4, 6, 2] 生产者-01 , put : 9 , queue -> [4, 6, 2, 9] 生产者-01 , put full wait 消费者-01 , get : 4 , queue -> [6, 2, 9] 生产者-01 , put : 7 , queue -> [6, 2, 9, 7] 生产者-01 , put full wait 消费者-01 , get : 6 , queue -> [2, 9, 7] 生产者-01 , put : 2 , queue -> [2, 9, 7, 2]