Django REST framework使用案例

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最新推荐文章于 2022-11-03 15:44:10 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/apple9005/article/details/56672138

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Django REST framework使用案例

引用官方的话说：Django REST framework is a powerful and flexible toolkit for building Web APIs.

如果你不太理解restful架构，请参见理解RESTful架构一文

下面以一个简单的学生管理系统示例，简述一下Django REST framework的使用

环境

mac
python2.7.12
django1.10.3
djangorestframework3.5.3

1.示例简述

model分为班级（Classes）、课程（Course）、学生（Student）、成绩（Score）

2.项目初始化

安装djangorestframework3.5.3

pip install djangorestframework

创建项目及app略

配置settings.py

...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'rest_framework',  # 必配项
    'stuapp',
]

#  打开分页，设置API只能管理员用户访问（可自行选择配置）
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
        'rest_framework.permissions.IsAdminUser',
    ],
    'PAGE_SIZE': 10
}
...

3.创建model

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import models

SEX_CHOICES = ((1,u'男'), (2,u'女'))


class Classes(models.Model):
    """班级"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name


class Student(models.Model):
    """学生"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=False, verbose_name=u'学生姓名')
    sex = models.CharField(max_length=16, choices=SEX_CHOICES, default=1)
    classes = models.ForeignKey(Classes)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name


class Course(models.Model):
    """课程"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name


class Score(models.Model):
    """成绩"""
    score = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    student = models.ForeignKey(Student)
    course = models.OneToOneField(Course)

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

4.创建序列化类

创建序列化类时，可能会用到指定类型的字段或关系。各字段类型、关系详细说明，请参见字段类型，关系

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from __future__ import unicode_literals
from stuapp.models import *
from rest_framework import serializers


class ClassesSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    class Meta:
        model = Classes
        fields = ('id', 'name')


class StudentSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    classes = ClassesSerializer(read_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = Student
        fields = ('id', 'name', 'sex', 'classes')


class CourseSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    class Meta:
        model = Course
        fields = ('id', 'name')


class ScoreSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    student = StudentSerializer(many=False, read_only=True)
    course = CourseSerializer(many=False, read_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = Score
        fields = ('id', 'score', 'student', 'course')

REST framework提供了2中装饰器来编写视图，
1.基于函数视图的@api_view
2.基于类视图的APIView

5.创建课程(Course)视图（基于函数视图）

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response
from stuapp.models import Course
from stuapp.serializers import CourseSerializer


@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])
def CouList(request):
    """
    POST 创建课程； GET 获取课程列表
    """
    if request.method == 'GET':
        course = Course.objects.all()
        serializer = CourseSerializer(course, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    elif request.method == 'POST':
        serializer = CourseSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)


@api_view(['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])
def CouDetail(request, pk):
    """
    GET 获取某课程详情； PUT 更新某课程； DELETE 删除某课程
    """
    try:
        course = Course.objects.get(pk=pk)
    except Course.DoesNotExist:
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)

    if request.method == 'GET':
        serializer = CourseSerializer(course)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    elif request.method == 'PUT':
        serializer = CourseSerializer(course, data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

    elif request.method == 'DELETE':
        course.delete()
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)

6.创建学生(Student)视图（基于类视图）

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from __future__ import unicode_literals
from stuapp.models import *
from stuapp.serializers import StudentSerializer
from django.http import Http404
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import status


class StuList(APIView):

    def get(self, request, format=None):
        stu = Student.objects.all()
        serializer = StudentSerializer(stu, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def post(self, request, format=None):
        serializer = StudentSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)


class StuDetail(APIView):

    def get_object(self, pk):
        try:
            return Student.objects.get(pk)
        except Student.DoesNotExist:
            raise Http404

    def get(self, request, pk, format=None):
        stu = self.get_object(pk)
        serializer = StudentSerializer(stu)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def put(self, request, pk, format=None):
        stu = self.get_object(pk)
        serializer = StudentSerializer(stu, data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

    def delete(self, request, pk, format=None):
        stu = self.get_object(pk)
        stu.delete()
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)

7.创建班级(Classes)视图（使用Mixins）

使用基于类的视图的最大优点之一是我们可以方便的重用代码。目前我们使用了很多相似的代码来进行了创建/检索/更新/删除操作，这些常见操作被封装在Mixins类中。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from __future__ import unicode_literals
from stuapp.models import *
from stuapp.serializers import ClassesSerializer
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics


class ClaList(mixins.ListModelMixin, mixins.CreateModelMixin, generics.GenericAPIView):
    queryset = Classes.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ClassesSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)


class ClaDetail(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, mixins.UpdateModelMixin, mixins.DestroyModelMixin, generics.GenericAPIView):
    queryset = Classes.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ClassesSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)

8.创建成绩视图(Score)（使用通用类视图）

使用Mixins编写视图比之前简单了许多，我们仍可以简写代码，此框架为我们提供了通用类视图

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from __future__ import unicode_literals
from stuapp.models import Score
from stuapp.serializers import ScoreSerializer
from rest_framework import generics


class ScoList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset = Score.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ScoreSerializer


class ScoDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    queryset = Score.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ScoreSerializer

9.url配置

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from stuapp import stuviews
from stuapp import claviews
from stuapp import couviews
from stuapp import scoviews
from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^stu/$', stuviews.StuList.as_view()),
    url(r'^stu/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', stuviews.StuDetail.as_view()),
]

urlpatterns += [
    url(r'^cla/$', claviews.ClaList.as_view()),
    url(r'^cla/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', claviews.ClaDetail.as_view()),
]

#  注意，基于函数的装饰器编写的视图，没有as_view()
urlpatterns += [
    url(r'^cou/$', couviews.CouList),
    url(r'^cou/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', couviews.CouDetail),
]

urlpatterns += [
    url(r'^sco/$', scoviews.ScoList.as_view()),
    url(r'^sco/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', scoviews.ScoDetail.as_view()),
]

urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)

代码下载：https://github.com/apple9005/django-rest-framework

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Django REST framework使用案例

Django REST framework使用案例引用官方的话说：Django REST framework is a powerful and flexible toolkit for building Web APIs. 如果你不太理解restful架构，请参见理解RESTful架构一文下面以一个简单的学生管理系统示例，简述一下Django REST framework的使用环境mac
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