十分钟搞定pandas

最新推荐文章于 2020-04-03 15:41:10 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2020-04-03 15:41:10 发布

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转载: http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/10min.html
翻译: shizhuolin@hotmail.com

本文是对pandas官方网站上《10 Minutes to pandas》的一个简单的翻译，原文在这里。这篇文章是对pandas的一个简单的介绍，详细的介绍请参考：Cookbook 。习惯上，我们会按下面格式引入所需要的包：

In [1]: import pandas as pd
In [2]: import numpy as np
In [3]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

一、创建对象

可以通过 Data Structure Intro Setion 来查看有关该节内容的详细信息。

1、可以通过传递一个list对象来创建一个Series，pandas会默认创建整型索引：

In [4]: s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8])
In [5]: s
Out[5]:
0	 1
1	 3
2	 5
3   NaN
4	 6
5	 8
dtype: float64

2 、通过传递一个 numpy array ，时间索引以及列标签来创建一个 DataFrame ：

In [6]: dates = pd.date_range('20130101',periods=6)
In [7]: dates
Out[7]:
<class 'pandas.tseries.index.DatetimeIndex'>
[2013-01-01, ..., 2013-01-06]
Length: 6, Freq: D, Timezone: None
 
In [8]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6,4),index=dates,columns=list('ABCD'))
In [9]: df
Out[9]:
	      A	        B	    C		 D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

3 、通过传递一个能够被转换成类似序列结构的字典对象来创建一个 DataFrame ：

In [10]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({ 'A' : 1.,
   ....:					  'B' : pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
   ....:					  'C' : pd.Series(1,index=list(range(4)),dtype='float32'),
   ....:					  'D' : np.array([3] * 4,dtype='int32'),
   ....:					  'E' : pd.Categorical(["test","train","test","train"]),
   ....:					  'F' : 'foo' })
   ....:
In [11]: df2
Out[11]:
   A	 B        C  D	  E	F
0  1 2013-01-02  1  3   test  foo
1  1 2013-01-02  1  3  train  foo
2  1 2013-01-02  1  3   test  foo
3  1 2013-01-02  1  3  train  foo

4 、查看不同列的数据类型：

In [12]: df2.dtypes
Out[12]:
A       float64
B	datetime64[ns]
C       float32
D	int32
E	category
F	object
dtype: object

5、如果你使用的是IPython，使用Tab自动补全功能会自动识别所有的属性以及自定义的列，下图中是所有能够被自动识别的属性的一个子集：

In [13]: df2.<TAB>
df2.A			df2.boxplot
df2.abs			df2.C
df2.add			df2.clip
df2.add_prefix		df2.clip_lower
df2.add_suffix		df2.clip_upper
df2.align		df2.columns
df2.all			df2.combine
df2.any			df2.combineAdd
df2.append		df2.combine_first
df2.apply		df2.combineMult
df2.applymap		df2.compound
df2.as_blocks		df2.consolidate
df2.asfreq		df2.convert_objects
df2.as_matrix		df2.copy
df2.astype		df2.corr
df2.at			df2.corrwith
df2.at_time		df2.count
df2.axes		df2.cov
df2.B			df2.cummax
df2.between_time	df2.cummin
df2.bfill		df2.cumprod
df2.blocks		df2.cumsum
df2.bool		df2.D

二、查看数据

详情请参阅：Basics Section

1、查看frame中头部和尾部的行：

In [14]: df.head()
Out[14]:
	      A		 B	   C		 D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
 
In [15]: df.tail(3)
Out[15]:
	       A         B	   C		 D
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

2、显示索引、列和底层的 numpy 数据：

In [16]: df.index
Out[16]:
<class 'pandas.tseries.index.DatetimeIndex'>
[2013-01-01, ..., 2013-01-06]
Length: 6, Freq: D, Timezone: None
 
In [17]: df.columns
Out[17]: Index([u'A', u'B', u'C', u'D'], dtype='object')
 
In [18]: df.values
Out[18]:
array([[ 0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356],
	   [ 1.2121, -0.1732,  0.1192, -1.0442],
	   [-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949,  1.0718],
	   [ 0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396,  0.2719],
	   [-0.425 ,  0.567 ,  0.2762, -1.0874],
	   [-0.6737,  0.1136, -1.4784,  0.525 ]])

3、 describe() 函数对于数据的快速统计汇总：

In [19]: df.describe()
Out[19]: 
              A         B         C         D
count  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000
mean   0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103
std    0.843157  0.922818  0.779887  0.973118
min   -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25%   -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50%    0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75%    0.658444  0.041933 -0.034326  0.461706
max    1.212112  0.567020  0.276232  1.071804

4、对数据的转置：

In [20]: df.T
Out[20]: 
   2013-01-01  2013-01-02  2013-01-03  2013-01-04  2013-01-05  2013-01-06
A    0.469112    1.212112   -0.861849    0.721555   -0.424972   -0.673690
B   -0.282863   -0.173215   -2.104569   -0.706771    0.567020    0.113648
C   -1.509059    0.119209   -0.494929   -1.039575    0.276232   -1.478427
D   -1.135632   -1.044236    1.071804    0.271860   -1.087401    0.524988

5、按轴进行排序

In [21]: df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)
Out[21]: 
                   D         C         B         A
2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863  0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236  0.119209 -0.173215  1.212112
2013-01-03  1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04  0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771  0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401  0.276232  0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06  0.524988 -1.478427  0.113648 -0.673690

6、按值进行排序

In [22]: df.sort_values(by='B')
Out[22]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

三、选择

虽然标准的Python/Numpy的选择和设置表达式都能够直接派上用场，但是作为工程使用的代码，我们推荐使用经过优化的pandas数据访问方式：.at, .iat, .loc, .iloc 和 .ix 详情请参阅Indexing and Selecing Data 和 MultiIndex / Advanced Indexing。

获取
1、选择一个单独的列，这将会返回一个 Series ，等同于 df.A ：

In [23]: df['A']
Out[23]: 
2013-01-01    0.469112
2013-01-02    1.212112
2013-01-03   -0.861849
2013-01-04    0.721555
2013-01-05   -0.424972
2013-01-06   -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64

2、通过 [] 进行选择，这将会对行进行切片

In [24]: df[0:3]
Out[24]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

In [25]: df['20130102':'20130104']
Out[25]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.27186

通过标签获取
1、使用标签来获取一个交叉的区域

In [26]: df.loc[dates[0]]
Out[26]: 
A    0.469112
B   -0.282863
C   -1.509059
D   -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

2、通过标签来在多个轴上进行选择

In [27]: df.loc[:,['A','B']]
Out[27]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648

3、标签切片

In [28]: df.loc['20130102':'20130104',['A','B']]
Out[28]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771

4、对于返回的对象进行维度缩减

In [29]: df.loc['20130102',['A','B']]
Out[29]: 
A    1.212112
B   -0.173215
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64

5、获取一个标量

In [30]: df.loc[dates[0],'A']
Out[30]: 0.46911229990718628

6、快速访问一个标量（与上一个方法等价）

In [31]: df.at[dates[0],'A']
Out[31]: 0.46911229990718628

通过位置选择
1、通过传递数值进行位置选择（选择的是行）

In [32]: df.iloc[3]
Out[32]: 
A    0.721555
B   -0.706771
C   -1.039575
D    0.271860
Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64

2、通过数值进行切片，与 numpy/python 中的情况类似

In [33]: df.iloc[3:5,0:2]
Out[33]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020

3、通过指定一个位置的列表，与 numpy/python 中的情况类似

In [34]: df.iloc[[1,2,4],[0,2]]
Out[34]: 
                   A         C
2013-01-02  1.212112  0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.276232

4、对行进行切片

In [35]: df.iloc[1:3,:]
Out[35]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

5、对列进行切片

In [36]: df.iloc[:,1:3]
Out[36]: 
                   B         C
2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.509059
2013-01-02 -0.173215  0.119209
2013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.494929
2013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.039575
2013-01-05  0.567020  0.276232
2013-01-06  0.113648 -1.478427

6、获取特定的值

In [37]: df.iloc[1,1]
Out[37]: -0.17321464905330858

In [38]: df.iat[1,1]
Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858

布尔索引
1、使用一个单独列的值来选择数据：

In [39]: df[df.A > 0]
Out[39]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

2、使用 where 操作来选择数据：

In [40]: df[df > 0]
Out[40]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988

3、使用 isin() 方法来过滤

In [41]: df2 = df.copy()

In [42]: df2['E'] = ['one', 'one','two','three','four','three']

In [43]: df2
Out[43]: 
                   A         B         C         D      E
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632    one
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236    one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804    two
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860  three
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401   four
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988  three

In [44]: df2[df2['E'].isin(['two','four'])]
Out[44]: 
                   A         B         C         D     E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804   two
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401  four

设置
1、设置一个新的列

In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1,2,3,4,5,6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))

In [46]: s1
Out[46]: 
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64

In [47]: df['F'] = s1

2、通过标签设置新的值

In [48]: df.at[dates[0],'A'] = 0

3、通过位置设置新的值

In [49]: df.iat[0,1] = 0

4、通过一个 numpy 数组设置一组新值

In [50]: df.loc[:,'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))

上述操作结果如下：

In [51]: df
Out[51]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232  5  4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  5  5.0

5、通过 where 操作来设置新的值

In [52]: df2 = df.copy()

In [53]: df2[df2 > 0] = -df2

In [54]: df2
Out[54]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059 -5  NaN
2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0

四、缺失值处理

在 pandas 中，使用 np.nan 来代替缺失值，这些值将默认不会包含在计算中，详情请参阅： Missing Data Section。
1、 reindex()方法可以对指定轴上的索引进行改变/增加/删除操作，这将返回原始数据的一个拷贝

In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])

In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1],'E'] = 1

In [57]: df1
Out[57]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  NaN
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  NaN

2、去掉包含缺失值的行

In [58]: df1.dropna(how='any')
Out[58]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0

3、对缺失值进行填充

In [59]: df1.fillna(value=5)
Out[59]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  5.0  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  5.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  5.0

4、对数据进行布尔填充

In [60]: pd.isnull(df1)
Out[60]: 
                A      B      C      D      F      E
2013-01-01  False  False  False  False   True  False
2013-01-02  False  False  False  False  False  False
2013-01-03  False  False  False  False  False   True
2013-01-04  False  False  False  False  False   True

五、相关操作

详情请参与 Basic Section On Binary Ops
统计（相关操作通常情况下不包括缺失值）
1、执行描述性统计

In [61]: df.mean()
Out[61]: 
A   -0.004474
B   -0.383981
C   -0.687758
D    5.000000
F    3.000000
dtype: float64

2、在其他轴上进行相同的操作

In [62]: df.mean(1)
Out[62]: 
2013-01-01    0.872735
2013-01-02    1.431621
2013-01-03    0.707731
2013-01-04    1.395042
2013-01-05    1.883656
2013-01-06    1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64

3、对于拥有不同维度，需要对齐的对象进行操作。Pandas会自动的沿着指定的维度进行广播

In [63]: s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8], index=dates).shift(2)

In [64]: s
Out[64]: 
2013-01-01    NaN
2013-01-02    NaN
2013-01-03    1.0
2013-01-04    3.0
2013-01-05    5.0
2013-01-06    NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [65]: df.sub(s, axis='index')
Out[65]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-02       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929  4.0  1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575  2.0  0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768  0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN

Apply
1、对数据应用函数

In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)
Out[66]: 
                   A         B         C   D     F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059   5   NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850  10   1.0
2013-01-03  0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779  15   3.0
2013-01-04  1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354  20   6.0
2013-01-05  0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122  25  10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549  30  15.0

In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
Out[67]: 
A    2.073961
B    2.671590
C    1.785291
D    0.000000
F    4.000000
dtype: float64

直方图
具体请参照： Histogrammingand Discretization

In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))

In [69]: s
Out[69]: 
0    4
1    2
2    1
3    2
4    6
5    4
6    4
7    6
8    4
9    4
dtype: int64

In [70]: s.value_counts()
Out[70]: 
4    5
6    2
2    2
1    1
dtype: int64

字符串方法
Series对象在其str属性中配备了一组字符串处理方法，可以很容易的应用到数组中的每个元素，如下段代码所示。更多详情请参考： Vectorized String Methods .

In [71]: s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])

In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]: 
0       a
1       b
2       c
3    aaba
4    baca
5     NaN
6    caba
7     dog
8     cat
dtype: object

六、合并

Pandas提供了大量的方法能够轻松的对Series，DataFrame和Panel对象进行各种符合各种逻辑关系的合并操作。具体请参阅： Mergingsection
Concat

In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))

In [74]: df
Out[74]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

# break it into pieces
In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]

In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
Out[76]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

Join 类似于SQL类型的合并，具体请参阅： Databasestyle joining

In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})

In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})

In [79]: left
Out[79]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  foo     2

In [80]: right
Out[80]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  foo     5

In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[81]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  foo     1     5
2  foo     2     4
3  foo     2     5

Append 将一行连接到一个DataFrame上，具体请参阅 Appending：

In [82]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A','B','C','D'])

In [83]: df
Out[83]: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758

In [84]: s = df.iloc[3]

In [85]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)
Out[85]: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758
8  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610

七、分组

（Splitting）按照一些规则将数据分为不同的组；

（Applying）对于每组数据分别执行一个函数；

（Combining）将结果组合到一个数据结构中；

In [86]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
   ....:                           'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
   ....:                 'B' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
   ....:                           'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
   ....:                 'C' : np.random.randn(8),
   ....:                 'D' : np.random.randn(8)})
In [87]: df
Out[87]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -1.202872 -0.055224
1  bar    one -1.814470  2.395985
2  foo    two  1.018601  1.552825
3  bar  three -0.595447  0.166599
4  foo    two  1.395433  0.047609
5  bar    two -0.392670 -0.136473
6  foo    one  0.007207 -0.561757
7  foo  three  1.928123 -1.623033

1、分组并对每个分组执行sum函数：

In [88]: df.groupby('A').sum()
Out[88]: 
            C        D
A                     
bar -2.802588  2.42611
foo  3.146492 -0.63958

2、通过多个列进行分组形成一个层次索引，然后执行函数

In [89]: df.groupby(['A','B']).sum()
Out[89]: 
                  C         D
A   B                        
bar one   -1.814470  2.395985
    three -0.595447  0.166599
    two   -0.392670 -0.136473
foo one   -1.195665 -0.616981
    three  1.928123 -1.623033
    two    2.414034  1.600434

八、Reshaping

详情请参阅 HierarchicalIndexing 和 Reshaping。

Stack

In [90]: tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz',
   ....:                      'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
   ....:                     ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two',
   ....:                      'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]))
   ....: 

In [91]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])

In [92]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])

In [93]: df2 = df[:4]

In [94]: df2
Out[94]: 
                     A         B
first second                    
bar   one     0.029399 -0.542108
      two     0.282696 -0.087302
baz   one    -1.575170  1.771208
      two     0.816482  1.100230

The stack() method “compresses” a level in the DataFrame’scolumns.

In [95]: stacked = df2.stack()

In [96]: stacked
Out[96]: 
first  second   
bar    one     A    0.029399
               B   -0.542108
       two     A    0.282696
               B   -0.087302
baz    one     A   -1.575170
               B    1.771208
       two     A    0.816482
               B    1.100230
dtype: float64

With a “stacked” DataFrame or Series (having a MultiIndex as the index), the inverse operation of stack() is unstack(), which by default unstacks the last level:

In [97]: stacked.unstack()
Out[97]: 
                     A         B
first second                    
bar   one     0.029399 -0.542108
      two     0.282696 -0.087302
baz   one    -1.575170  1.771208
      two     0.816482  1.100230

In [98]: stacked.unstack(1)
Out[98]: 
second        one       two
first                      
bar   A  0.029399  0.282696
      B -0.542108 -0.087302
baz   A -1.575170  0.816482
      B  1.771208  1.100230

In [99]: stacked.unstack(0)
Out[99]: 
first          bar       baz
second                      
one    A  0.029399 -1.575170
       B -0.542108  1.771208
two    A  0.282696  0.816482
       B -0.087302  1.100230

数据透视表，详情请参阅：PivotTables.

In [100]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 3,
   .....:                    'B' : ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 4,
   .....:                    'C' : ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 2,
   .....:                    'D' : np.random.randn(12),
   .....:                    'E' : np.random.randn(12)})
   .....: 

In [101]: df
Out[101]: 
        A  B    C         D         E
0     one  A  foo  1.418757 -0.179666
1     one  B  foo -1.879024  1.291836
2     two  C  foo  0.536826 -0.009614
3   three  A  bar  1.006160  0.392149
4     one  B  bar -0.029716  0.264599
5     one  C  bar -1.146178 -0.057409
6     two  A  foo  0.100900 -1.425638
7   three  B  foo -1.035018  1.024098
8     one  C  foo  0.314665 -0.106062
9     one  A  bar -0.773723  1.824375
10    two  B  bar -1.170653  0.595974
11  three  C  bar  0.648740  1.167115

可以从这个数据中轻松的生成数据透视表：

In [102]: pd.pivot_table(df, values='D', index=['A', 'B'], columns=['C'])
Out[102]: 
C             bar       foo
A     B                    
one   A -0.773723  1.418757
      B -0.029716 -1.879024
      C -1.146178  0.314665
three A  1.006160       NaN
      B       NaN -1.035018
      C  0.648740       NaN
two   A       NaN  0.100900
      B -1.170653       NaN
      C       NaN  0.536826

九、时间序列

Pandas在对频率转换进行重新采样时拥有简单、强大且高效的功能（如将按秒采样的数据转换为按5分钟为单位进行采样的数据）。这种操作在金融领域非常常见。具体参考： TimeSeries section。

In [103]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=100, freq='S')

In [104]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 500, len(rng)), index=rng)

In [105]: ts.resample('5Min').sum()
Out[105]: 
2012-01-01    25083
Freq: 5T, dtype: int64

1、时区表示：

In [106]: rng = pd.date_range('3/6/2012 00:00', periods=5, freq='D')

In [107]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), rng)

In [108]: ts
Out[108]: 
2012-03-06    0.464000
2012-03-07    0.227371
2012-03-08   -0.496922
2012-03-09    0.306389
2012-03-10   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [109]: ts_utc = ts.tz_localize('UTC')

In [110]: ts_utc
Out[110]: 
2012-03-06 00:00:00+00:00    0.464000
2012-03-07 00:00:00+00:00    0.227371
2012-03-08 00:00:00+00:00   -0.496922
2012-03-09 00:00:00+00:00    0.306389
2012-03-10 00:00:00+00:00   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64

2、时区转换：

In [111]: ts_utc.tz_convert('US/Eastern')
Out[111]: 
2012-03-05 19:00:00-05:00    0.464000
2012-03-06 19:00:00-05:00    0.227371
2012-03-07 19:00:00-05:00   -0.496922
2012-03-08 19:00:00-05:00    0.306389
2012-03-09 19:00:00-05:00   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64

3、时间跨度转换：

In [112]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=5, freq='M')

In [113]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), index=rng)

In [114]: ts
Out[114]: 
2012-01-31   -1.134623
2012-02-29   -1.561819
2012-03-31   -0.260838
2012-04-30    0.281957
2012-05-31    1.523962
Freq: M, dtype: float64

In [115]: ps = ts.to_period()

In [116]: ps
Out[116]: 
2012-01   -1.134623
2012-02   -1.561819
2012-03   -0.260838
2012-04    0.281957
2012-05    1.523962
Freq: M, dtype: float64

In [117]: ps.to_timestamp()
Out[117]: 
2012-01-01   -1.134623
2012-02-01   -1.561819
2012-03-01   -0.260838
2012-04-01    0.281957
2012-05-01    1.523962
Freq: MS, dtype: float64

4、时期和时间戳之间的转换使得可以使用一些方便的算术函数。

In [118]: prng = pd.period_range('1990Q1', '2000Q4', freq='Q-NOV')

In [119]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(prng)), prng)

In [120]: ts.index = (prng.asfreq('M', 'e') + 1).asfreq('H', 's') + 9

In [121]: ts.head()
Out[121]: 
1990-03-01 09:00   -0.902937
1990-06-01 09:00    0.068159
1990-09-01 09:00   -0.057873
1990-12-01 09:00   -0.368204
1991-03-01 09:00   -1.144073
Freq: H, dtype: float64

十、Categorical

从0.15版本开始，pandas可以在DataFrame中支持Categorical类型的数据，详细介绍参看： categoricalintroduction和 APIdocumentation。

In [122]: df = pd.DataFrame({"id":[1,2,3,4,5,6], "raw_grade":['a', 'b', 'b', 'a', 'a', 'e']})

1、将原始的grade转换为Categorical数据类型：

In [123]: df["grade"] = df["raw_grade"].astype("category")

In [124]: df["grade"]
Out[124]: 
0    a
1    b
2    b
3    a
4    a
5    e
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, e]

2、将Categorical类型数据重命名为更有意义的名称：

In [125]: df["grade"].cat.categories = ["very good", "good", "very bad"]

3、对类别进行重新排序，增加缺失的类别：

In [126]: df["grade"] = df["grade"].cat.set_categories(["very bad", "bad", "medium", "good", "very good"])

In [127]: df["grade"]
Out[127]: 
0    very good
1         good
2         good
3    very good
4    very good
5     very bad
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (5, object): [very bad, bad, medium, good, very good]

4、排序是按照Categorical的顺序进行的而不是按照字典顺序进行：

In [128]: df.sort_values(by="grade")
Out[128]: 
   id raw_grade      grade
5   6         e   very bad
1   2         b       good
2   3         b       good
0   1         a  very good
3   4         a  very good
4   5         a  very good

5、对Categorical列进行排序时存在空的类别：

In [129]: df.groupby("grade").size()
Out[129]: 
grade
very bad     1
bad          0
medium       0
good         2
very good    3
dtype: int64

十一、画图
具体文档参看： Plotting docs

In [130]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))

In [131]: ts = ts.cumsum()

In [132]: ts.plot()
Out[132]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x10efd5a90>

对于DataFrame来说，plot是一种将所有列及其标签进行绘制的简便方法：

In [133]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index,
   .....:                   columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])

In [134]: df = df.cumsum()

In [135]: plt.figure(); df.plot(); plt.legend(loc='best')
Out[135]: <matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x112854d90>

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十分钟搞定pandas

转载: http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/10min.html翻译: [email protected]本文是对pandas官方网站上《10 Minutes to pandas》的一个简单的翻译，原文在这里。这篇文章是对pandas的一个简单的介绍，详细的介绍请参考：Cookbook 。
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