ArrayList是常用的容器类，大家都知道随机访问效率高，并发不安全，一般多线程的情况都不考虑它。但是如果有人问你为什么不安全，会出现哪些异常。可能不熟悉源码的话不能顺畅回答出来。
下面我们根据源码分析下它的技术实现细节。
ArrayList是一个泛型类，继承AbstractList 实现了List等接口，默认大小10，elementData用来存储数据，size记录存储数据的个数。静态常量EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA和DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA分别分配给空集合。
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
transient Object[] elementData;
private int size;
三个构造函数，
第一个ArrayList(int initialCapacity)指定初始化大小，负数时抛出异常，大于0，按指定大小申请数组，等于0，分配指向EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA。
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
第二个无参构造函数分配指向DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA。
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
第三个用一个集合做入参，先调用c.toArray新申请一个数组，接着Arrays.copyOf 浅拷贝填充引用。
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
当ArrayList经历扩容，大量的删除后，需要根据现在的size,去收回内存。重新申请一块同现在size的数组存放数据，
public void trimToSize() {
modCount++;
if (size < elementData.length) {
elementData = (size == 0)
? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
: Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
}
返回大小和判空
public int size() {
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
indexOf方法返回给定对象在ArrayList中的索引位置。为空时，遍历集合找到第一个为空的位置。非空时，逐个对比。没有找到默认返回-1.
contains 调用indexOf ，返回位置大于等于0，代表包含该对象。
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) >= 0;
}
public int indexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
lastIndexOf 与indexOf 唯一的不同就是反序遍历。
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
重新申请数组，复制引用值，但是不复制内部引用对象，属于浅拷贝。
public Object clone() {
try {
ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
无参的toArray浅拷贝自己的内部数据返回
带参的toArray把自己的数据拷贝到入参，并返回。
public Object[] toArray() {
return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
// Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
get, set 都会做数组越界验证，set函数，在指定位置设置入参后，返回老数据。
public E get(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
return (E) elementData[index];
}
public E set(int index, E element) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
add(E e) ，add(int index, E element)都会发生集合结构的修改，会在ensureCapacityInternal中变更modCount。这个modCount的作用就是确保在修改之中如果别的线程也在修改集合的结构，发现于期望值不符及时抛出异常提示用户。集合的fast-fail机制。add(E e)在尾部追加数据，add(int index, E element) 在指定索引设置，当前位置和后续的顺次后移。ensureCapacityInternal方法确保集合大小能够容纳数据，必要时做扩容处理。
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
public void add(int index, E element) {
if (index > size || index < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA代表即将进行首次添加数据，且用户未指定0，如果minCapacity小于10，默认扩容至10这个默认值。ensureExplicitCapacity函数在扩容前修改modCount递增1，期望大小minCapacity大于当前容器尺寸调用grow扩容。扩容策略大致是当前大小的1.5倍。（ oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)）。minCapacity上溢出则抛异常，否则判断是否在MAX_ARRAY_SIZE内，最多是按Integer.MAX_VALUE设置新的大小。数据的扩容都是新申请一块空间，然后转移数据。扩容代价要比链表高的多。
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
remove(int index) 首先检查索引有效性，删除属于改变集合结构，所以modCount++，
指定索引位置数据取出，后面的数据前移，最后一个数据位置置空，交给垃圾回收，返回数据。
remove(Object o)遍历集合，找到指定数据位置调用fastRemove。fastRemove的代码与remove中一致。
public E remove(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
modCount++;
E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
private void fastRemove(int index) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}
清除所有数据，数据位遍历置空，大小设置0.这里也递增了modCount，因为改动了size.上面的set,get都不改变size。所以不需要改动modCount。
public void clear() {
modCount++;
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
size = 0;
}
排序过程中也不可以并发的改变数据结构，否则会抛出ConcurrentModificationException。
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
Arrays.sort((E[]) elementData, 0, size, c);
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
modCount++;
}
filter是一个删除匹配规则，BitSet是一个存储删除位置的 工具，第一个for循环记录匹配位置，第二个for循环将其余不匹配的依次前移，后面的数据置空，删除完毕。
@Override
public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
// figure out which elements are to be removed
// any exception thrown from the filter predicate at this stage
// will leave the collection unmodified
int removeCount = 0;
final BitSet removeSet = new BitSet(size);
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
final int size = this.size;
for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
final E element = (E) elementData[i];
if (filter.test(element)) {
removeSet.set(i);
removeCount++;
}
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
// shift surviving elements left over the spaces left by removed elements
final boolean anyToRemove = removeCount > 0;
if (anyToRemove) {
final int newSize = size - removeCount;
for (int i=0, j=0; (i < size) && (j < newSize); i++, j++) {
i = removeSet.nextClearBit(i);
elementData[j] = elementData[i];
}
for (int k=newSize; k < size; k++) {
elementData[k] = null; // Let gc do its work
}
this.size = newSize;
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
modCount++;
}
return anyToRemove;
}
removeAll 是去除ArrayList中的Collection<?> c，留下与之不同的部分
retainAll 是留下ArrayList中的Collection<?> c，留下与之相同的部分
public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, false);
}
public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, true);
}
private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
int r = 0, w = 0;
boolean modified = false;
try {
for (; r < size; r++)
if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
} finally {
// Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
// even if c.contains() throws.
if (r != size) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
elementData, w,
size - r);
w += size - r;
}
if (w != size) {
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
modCount += size - w;
size = w;
modified = true;
}
}
return modified;
}
ArrayList中的迭代器模式，limit是集合的大小，cursor指向下一个。lastRet指向当前待返回。expectedModCount记录当前的集合modCount。
hasNext判断下一个待遍历的是否在limit内。
next函数： 判断是否有并发修改结构发生，是否在limit 内，是否在集合数据长度内，设置cursor: 为下一个待遍历位。lastRet设置为当前返回的位置。
remove: 判断是否有并发修改结构发生，调用集合的remove 方法，更新cursor，limit， expectedModCount。可以看出连续调用两次remove，会因为lastRet < 0抛出异常。
private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
protected int limit = ArrayList.this.size;
int cursor; // index of next element to return
int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
int expectedModCount = modCount;
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor < limit;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E next() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
int i = cursor;
if (i >= limit)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i + 1;
return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
}
public void remove() {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
try {
ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
cursor = lastRet;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = modCount;
limit--;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
final int size = ArrayList.this.size;
int i = cursor;
if (i >= size) {
return;
}
final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (i >= elementData.length) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
consumer.accept((E) elementData[i++]);
}
// update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
cursor = i;
lastRet = i - 1;
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
ArrayList 大致分析结束，并发情况下有可能会抛出ConcurrentModificationException，IndexOutOfBoundsException,NoSuchElementException等异常。在并发环境下使用一般会用Collections.synchronizedList()，内部用同步代码块来包装所有的改变结构的方法。
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