进阶7：子查询

1. 含义：

出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询
  外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询

2. 分类：

* 按子查询出现的位置：
    select后面：仅仅支持标量子查询

    from后面：支持表子查询

    where或having后面（重点）：标量子查询、列子查询、  行子查询

    exists后面（相关子查询）：表子查询

• 按结果集的行列数不同：
  标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
  列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
  行子查询（结果有一行多列）
  表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）

3. where或having后面

（1）.标量子查询（单行子查询）

（2）.列子查询（多行子查询）

（3）.行子查询（多行多列）

3.1. 特点：

• a.子查询放在小括号内
• b.子查询一般放在条件的右侧
• c.标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用

  < >= <= = <>

• d.列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用
  in any/some all
• e.子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

3.2. 标量子查询

案例1：谁的工资比Abel高？

• p1 查询Abel的工资
  select salary from employees where last_name = "Abel";
• P2 查询员工的信息，满足salary>p1的结果
  select * from employees where salary>(select salary from employees where last_name = "Abel");

案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

select last_name,job_id,salary from employees where salary >(select salary from employees where employee_id = 143) and job_id =(select job_id from employees where employee_id = 141);

案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

select last_name,job_id,salary from employees where salary =(select min(salary) from employees);

案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

• p1:查询50号部最低工资、
  select min(salary) from employees group by department_id where department_id = 50;
• p2:查询最低工资大于p1结果的部门
  select department_id,min(salary) from employees group by department_id having min(salary) > (select min(salary) from employees group by department_id where department_id = 50);

非法使用标量子查询

子查询中返回值为多列或者为空，则主查询无法执行

3.3. 列子查询（多行子查询）

案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

select last_name from employees where department_id = any(select department_id from departments where location_id between 1400 and 1700);

select last_name from employees where department_id in (select department_id from departments where location_id between 1400 and 1700);

案例2：返回其他部门中比job_id为’IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary

select employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary from employees where salary < any (select salary from employees where job_id='IT_PROG') and job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

select employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary from employees where salary < some (select salary from employees where job_id='IT_PROG') and job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

案例3：返回其他部门中比job_id为’IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary

select employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary from employees where salary < all (select salary from employees where job_id='IT_PROG') and job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

3.4 行子查询（结果集一行多列或者多行多列）

案例1：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

• p1.查询最小的员工编号
  select min(employee_id) from employees;
• p2.查询最高工资
  select max(salary) from employees;
• p3.查询员工信息
  select * from employees where employee_id=(select min(employee_id) from employees) and salary=(select max(salary) from employees);

select * from employees where (employee_id,salary)=(select min(employee_id),max(salary) from employees);

4.select后面

注意：仅仅支持标量子查询。

案例1.查询每个部门的员工个数

select d.*,(select count(*) from employees e where e.department_id=d.department_id) 个数 from departments d;

select d.*,count(*) from employees e left outer join departments d on e.department_id=d.department_id group by e.department_id;

案例2.查询员工号=102的部门名

select (select deaprtmen_name from departments d inner join employees e on e.department_id=d.department_id where d.department_id=102) 部门名;

5.from后面

将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名。

案例1：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级

• p1.查询每个部门的平均工资
  select avg(salary),department_id from employees group by department_id;
• p2.连接p1的结果集和job_grade表，筛选条件平均工资between lowest_sal and highest_sal
  select ag_dep.* from (select avg(salary),department_id from employees group by department_id) ag_dep inner join job_grades g on ag_dep.avg(salary) between lowest_sal and highest_sal;

6.exists后面（相关子查询）

语法：exists(完整的查询语句);

结果：1或0

select exists(select employee_id from employees where salary=300000);

案例1.查询有员工的部门名

select department_name from departments d where exists(select * from employees e where d.department_id=e.department_id);

• 用in实现
  select department_name from departments d where department_id in (selcet department_id from employees);

案例2.查询没有女朋友的男神信息

• exists

select * from boys bo where not exists(select * from beauty b where bo.id=b.boyfriend.id);

• in
  select * from boys where id not in (select boyfriend_id from beauty);

7.练习

1.查询和zlotkey相同部门的员工的姓名和工资

select last_name,salary from employees where department_id = (select department_id from employees where last_name = 'zlotkey');

2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资。

select employee_id,last_name,salary from employees where salary > (select avg(salary) from employees);

3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号和姓名

select e.employee_id,e.last_name from (select *,avg(salary) avg from employees group by department_id ) av right outer join employees e on av.department_id = e.department_id where e.salary >av.avg;

4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名

select employee_id,last_name from employees where department_id in (select department_id from employees where last_name like '%u%');

5.查询所在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号

select employee_id from employees where department_id in (select department_id from departments where location_id = 1700);

6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资

select last_name,salary from employees where manager_id = (select employee_id from employees where last_name = 'King');

select e.last_name,e.salary from employee e inner join employees m on e.manager_id = m.employee_id where m.last_name = 'King';

7.查询工资最高的员工的姓名，要求first_name和last_name显示为一列，列名为姓，名

select concat(first_name,'',last_name) as '姓，名' from employees where salary = (select max(salary) from employees);