最好的学习方式是动手实践,伴随着实践再来理解理论。遵循这样的原则我今天开始了Cassandra数据库学习的第一课。
在现实中Cassandra大概率要以Docker作为容器部署在Cloud上面。并且Docker也的确为我们提供了很多方便,省去了安装Cassandra的时间还有你为Cassandra寻找合适平台(OS)的麻烦。所以我决定还是用Docker来进行学习。如果你要参考我的步骤,请先去下载安装Docker。
在Docker中运行Cassandra
Cassandra在Docker hub上面有官方发布的image,https://hub.docker.com/_/cassandra
页面上有使用说明。下面是我运行的一个简化的步骤。
# 1 download image
docker pull cassandra
# 2 List all your current images
docker image ls
# 3 run immage and give my-cassandra as container's name
docker run --name my-cassandra -d cassandra
# 4 check the status of container
docker container ps
or
docker container ls -a
查看container内的结构,cassandra和nodetool命令
# 1 execute shell command in running container, my-cassandra
docker exec -it my-cassandra /bin/bash
# -i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached
# -t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY
# 2 cassandra command. If you install cassandra by yourself you need this command to start cassandra instance, but now we don't need it.
which cassandra
/usr/sbin/cassandra
# 3 nodetool command. Using it to get current running status of all nodes
which nodetool
/usr/bin/nodetool
nodetool status
Datacenter: datacenter1
=======================
Status=Up/Down
|/ State=Normal/Leaving/Joining/Moving
-- Address Load Tokens Owns (effective) Host ID Rack
UN 172.17.0.2 103.63 KiB 256 100.0% fbe2a31f-2a2c-4570-9bec-8caed7a1626e rack1
CQL
CQL - Cassandra Query Language。和SQL类似,暂时把它当成SQL就可以。
# Run cql, we need cqlsh command in container
which cqlsh
/usr/bin/cqlsh
# Run cqlsh command to enter cql client
cqlsh
Connected to Test Cluster at 127.0.0.1:9042.
[cqlsh 5.0.1 | Cassandra 3.11.4 | CQL spec 3.4.4 | Native protocol v4]
Use HELP for help.
cqlsh>
创建Keyspace
Keyspace - 相当于关系数据库中的Schema。
在cql client中运行,
# Create a keyspace
CREATE KEYSPACE IF NOT EXISTS easymall
WITH REPLICATION = {
'class':'SimpleStrategy',
'replication_factor':1
};
# Describe a keyspace
cqlsh> DESCRIBE easymall
CREATE KEYSPACE easymall WITH replication = {'class': 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor': '1'} AND durable_writes = true;
# Switch between keyspaces
cqlsh> USE easymall;
cqlsh:easymall>
创建Table
CREATE TABLE users (
user_id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
first_name TEXT,
last_name TEXT,
added_date TIMESTAMP,
);
# Example
cqlsh:easymall> CREATE TABLE users (
... user_id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
... first_name TEXT,
... last_name TEXT,
... added_date timestamp,
... );
cqlsh:easymall> DESCRIBE users;
CREATE TABLE easymall.users (
user_id uuid PRIMARY KEY,
added_date timestamp,
first_name text,
last_name text
) WITH bloom_filter_fp_chance = 0.01
AND caching = {'keys': 'ALL', 'rows_per_partition': 'NONE'}
AND comment = ''
AND compaction = {'class': 'org.apache.cassandra.db.compaction.SizeTieredCompactionStrategy', 'max_threshold': '32', 'min_threshold': '4'}
AND compression = {'chunk_length_in_kb': '64', 'class': 'org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor'}
AND crc_check_chance = 1.0
AND dclocal_read_repair_chance = 0.1
AND default_time_to_live = 0
AND gc_grace_seconds = 864000
AND max_index_interval = 2048
AND memtable_flush_period_in_ms = 0
AND min_index_interval = 128
AND read_repair_chance = 0.0
AND speculative_retry = '99PERCENTILE';
课后思考:
- cassandra都支持那些datatype?
- uuid 和 timeuuid,如何生成主键?
简单的数据操作
INSERT
INSERT INTO users (user_id,first_name,last_name,added_date) VALUES (uuid(),'Dehua','Liu',toTimeStamp(now()));
SELECT
SELECT * FROM users;
# Example:
cqlsh:easymall> SELECT * FROM users;
user_id | added_date | first_name | last_name
--------------------------------------+---------------------------------+------------+-----------
2212f08c-9c51-4def-a35d-d4f16d8b55cd | 2019-08-07 14:34:17.082000+0000 | Dehua | Liu
(1 rows)
TRUNCATE
Remove all data from table.
cqlsh:easymall> TRUNCATE users;
cqlsh:easymall> SELECT * FROM users;
user_id | added_date | first_name | last_name
---------+------------+------------+-----------
(0 rows)
COPY
用来从table中以.csv格式导出、导入数据。它并不是唯一的方法。
# Export data from users table to /opt/users.csv
COPY users (user_id,first_name,last_name,added_date) TO '/opt/users.csv';
# Example
cqlsh:easymall> COPY users (user_id,first_name,last_name,added_date) TO '/opt/users.csv';
Using 1 child processes
Starting copy of easymall.users with columns [user_id, first_name, last_name, added_date].
Processed: 5 rows; Rate: 3 rows/s; Avg. rate: 6 rows/s
5 rows exported to 1 files in 0.895 seconds.
# After exit cqlsh
cat /opt/users.csv
9d0004b3-dba9-422e-9389-5ad1e0f1060b,Dehua,Liu,2019-08-07 15:01:07.570+0000
fd83f6bb-d953-49e3-855e-d346164ee0a1,Xiao,Ming,2019-08-07 15:01:34.378+0000
2212f08c-9c51-4def-a35d-d4f16d8b55cd,Angla,Baby,2019-08-07 14:34:18.082+0000
2212f08c-9c51-4def-a35d-d4f16d8b55ae,Steven,Kim,2019-08-07 14:34:19.082+0000
2adc86f6-185f-4e77-a7f6-b82fbd83dfde,Da,Liu,2019-08-07 15:01:46.286+0000
反之,也可以用COPY导入数据,再创建一个结构和users一样的users_bak,
CREATE TABLE users_bak (
user_id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
first_name TEXT,
last_name TEXT,
added_date TIMESTAMP,
);
然后再运行
COPY users_bak (user_id,first_name,last_name,added_date) FROM '/opt/users.csv';