Android官方培训课程学习（三）: 使用Fragment建立动态UI

主要包括：

• fragment的基本用法，在activity运行时添加fragment，替换Fragment
• fragments之间的数据交互，fragment与activity之间的数据交互

在activity运行时添加fragment

• 在activity中，用Support Library APIs调用getSupportFragmentManager()方法获取FragmentManager 对象，然后调用beginTransaction()方法创建一个FragmentTransaction对象，然后调用add()方法添加一个fragment.

• 可以使用同一个FragmentTransaction进行多次fragment事务。完成这些变化操作，准备开始执行改变时，必须调用commit()方法。

下例显示了如何添加一个fragment到之前的layout中

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.FragmentActivity;

public class MainActivity extends FragmentActivity {
    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.news_articles);

        // Check that the activity is using the layout version with
        // the fragment_container FrameLayout
        if (findViewById(R.id.fragment_container) != null) {

            // However, if we're being restored from a previous state,
            // then we don't need to do anything and should return or else
            // we could end up with overlapping fragments.
            if (savedInstanceState != null) {
                return;
            }

            // Create a new Fragment to be placed in the activity layout
            HeadlinesFragment firstFragment = new HeadlinesFragment();

            // In case this activity was started with special instructions from an
            // Intent, pass the Intent's extras to the fragment as arguments
            firstFragment.setArguments(getIntent().getExtras());

            // Add the fragment to the 'fragment_container' FrameLayout
            getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()
                    .add(R.id.fragment_container, firstFragment).commit();
        }
    }
}

替换Fragment

• 替换fragment的过程类似于添加过程，只需要将add()方法替换为 replace()方法。

• 记住在执行fragment事务时，如移除或者替换，我们经常要适当地让用户可以向后导航与”撤销”这次改变。为了让用户向后导航fragment事务，我们必须在FragmentTransaction提交前调用addToBackStack()方法。

Note：当移除或者替换一个fragment并把它放入返回栈中时，被移除的fragment的生命周期是stopped(不是destoryed).当用户返回重新恢复这个fragment,它的生命周期是restarts。如果没有把fragment放入返回栈中，那么当它被移除或者替换时，其生命周期是destoryed。

下面是一个fragment替换的例子

// Create fragment and give it an argument specifying the article it should show
ArticleFragment newFragment = new ArticleFragment();
Bundle args = new Bundle();
args.putInt(ArticleFragment.ARG_POSITION, position);
newFragment.setArguments(args);

FragmentTransaction transaction = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction();

// Replace whatever is in the fragment_container view with this fragment,
// and add the transaction to the back stack so the user can navigate back
transaction.replace(R.id.fragment_container, newFragment);
transaction.addToBackStack(null);

// Commit the transaction
transaction.commit();

• addToBackStack()方法提供了一个可选的String参数为事务指定了一个唯一的名字。除非打算用FragmentManager.BackStackEntry APIs来进行一些高级的fragments操作，这个名字不是必须的。

Fragments之间的交互

通常fragment之间可能会需要交互，比如基于用户事件改变fragment的内容。所有fragment之间的交互需要通过他们关联的activity，两个fragment之间不应该直接交互。

定义一个接口

• 为了让fragment与activity交互，可以在Fragment类中定义一个接口，并在activity中实现。Fragment在他们生命周期的onAttach()方法中获取接口的实现，然后调用接口的方法来与Activity交互。

下面是一个fragment与activity交互的例子：

public class HeadlinesFragment extends ListFragment {
    OnHeadlineSelectedListener mCallback;

    // Container Activity must implement this interface
    public interface OnHeadlineSelectedListener {
        public void onArticleSelected(int position);
    }

    @Override
    public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
        super.onAttach(activity);

        // This makes sure that the container activity has implemented
        // the callback interface. If not, it throws an exception
        try {
            mCallback = (OnHeadlineSelectedListener) activity;
        } catch (ClassCastException e) {
            throw new ClassCastException(activity.toString()
                    + " must implement OnHeadlineSelectedListener");
        }
    }

    ...
}

• 现在Fragment就可以通过调用OnHeadlineSelectedListener接口实例的mCallback中的onArticleSelected()（也可以是其它方法）方法与activity传递消息。

• 举个例子，在fragment中的下面的方法在用户点击列表条目时被调用，fragment 用回调接口来传递事件给父Activity.

@Override
    public void onListItemClick(ListView l, View v, int position, long id) {
        // Send the event to the host activity
        mCallback.onArticleSelected(position);
    }

实现接口

• 为了接收回调事件，宿主activity必须实现在Fragment中定义的接口。

• 举个例子，下面的activity实现了上面例子中的接口。

public static class MainActivity extends Activity
        implements HeadlinesFragment.OnHeadlineSelectedListener{
    ...

    public void onArticleSelected(int position) {
        // The user selected the headline of an article from the HeadlinesFragment
        // Do something here to display that article
    }
}

传消息给Fragment

• 宿主activity通过findFragmentById()方法获取fragment的实例，然后直接调用Fragment的public方法来向fragment传递消息。

• 例如，假设上面所示的activity可能包含另外一个fragment,这个fragment用来展示从上面的回调方法中返回的指定的数据。在这种情况下，activity可以把从回调方法中接收到的信息传递给这个展示数据的Fragment.

public static class MainActivity extends Activity
        implements HeadlinesFragment.OnHeadlineSelectedListener{
    ...

    public void onArticleSelected(int position) {
        // The user selected the headline of an article from the HeadlinesFragment
        // Do something here to display that article

        ArticleFragment articleFrag = (ArticleFragment)
                getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentById(R.id.article_fragment);

        if (articleFrag != null) {
            // If article frag is available, we're in two-pane layout...

            // Call a method in the ArticleFragment to update its content
            articleFrag.updateArticleView(position);
        } else {
            // Otherwise, we're in the one-pane layout and must swap frags...

            // Create fragment and give it an argument for the selected article
            ArticleFragment newFragment = new ArticleFragment();
            Bundle args = new Bundle();
            args.putInt(ArticleFragment.ARG_POSITION, position);
            newFragment.setArguments(args);

            FragmentTransaction transaction = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction();

            // Replace whatever is in the fragment_container view with this fragment,
            // and add the transaction to the back stack so the user can navigate back
            transaction.replace(R.id.fragment_container, newFragment);
            transaction.addToBackStack(null);

            // Commit the transaction
            transaction.commit();
        }
    }
}