1、三个.c文件
1.1 world.c
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nclude<stdio.h>
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void world(void) {
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printf("world.\n");
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}
1.2 hello.c
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#include <stdio.h>
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void world(void);
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void hello(void) {
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printf("hello\n");
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world();
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}
1.3 test.c
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void main(void) {
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hello();
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}
2、生成动态库
参照《Linux静态库与动态库制作》,将hello.c和world.c分别生成动态库
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ubuntu $ gcc -c hello.c world.c
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ubuntu $ gcc -shared -o libhello.so hello.o
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ubuntu $ gcc -shared -o libworld.so world.o
这时,生成的文件及其依赖如下图:
由上图可见,libhello.so和libworld都依赖于linux-gate.so.1、libc.so.6以及/lib/ld-linux.so.2,并且这3个库的路径都以及硬编码进libhello.so和libworld.so中了(=>右边的部分)。
然而,虽然libhello.so中调用了libworld.so的函数,但是在上图中并没有显示出此关系。为了达到使libhello.so依赖于libworld.so的目的,在生成libhello.so时要链接到libworld.so:
ubuntu $ gcc -shared -o libworld.so world.o -lhello -L .
此时,再使用ldd查看libhello.so的依赖:
由上图可见,此时libhello.so已经依赖于libworld.so。
3、编译test.c
3.1 -L
由于test.c直接依赖于libhello.so,因此使用-lhello -L
ubuntu $ gcc test.c -lhello -L .
结果如下图:
由上图可见已经在-L指定的路径找打了libhello.so,只是libhello.so还需要libworld.so。虽然它都在同一目录下,但是还是没有办法自动找到libworld.so。
那么,能不能使用-lworld将libworld.so也一并链接到test.c中呢?下面做一个尝试:
ubuntu $ gcc test.c -lhello -lworld -L .
没有报错,成功生成a.out。
执行a.out并且使用ldd查看a.out的依赖:
由上图可见,虽然使用-lworld参数将libworld.so链接到了a.out中,但是上面只显示a.out依赖于libhello.so。由于找不到libhello.so(=> not found)的路径,因此需要设置环境变量LD_LIBRARY_PATH
ubuntu export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/liyihai/documents
再次执行a.out并使用ldd命令查看a.out的依赖库:
由上图可见,libhello.so已经通过LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量找到,并且libworld.so也出现在a.out的依赖中!
结论:-L指定的是链接时的库路径,生成的可执行文件在运行时库的路径由LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量指定。
3.2 -rpath
根据3.1第1张图的提示,由于libhello.so依赖于libworld.so,可以只用-rpath或者-rpath-link来指定。这里先使用-rpath。
先清空LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量,然后重新编译test.c并且带上-rpath参数:
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ubuntu $ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=
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ubuntu $ gcc test.c -lhello -L . -Wl,-rpath .
执行a.out,并且使用ldd命令查看a.out的依赖:
由上图可见,虽然没有明确指出链接libworld.so,但是libworld.so还是出现在a.out的依赖中。
另外,虽然LD_LIBRARY_PATH已经清空,但是a.out还是可以执行,这说明库的路径已经被编译进a.out中了。需要注意的是,libhello.so和libworld.so的路径都是通过-rpath指定的路径找到的。
3.2.1 实验1
这时候,如果libhello.so和libworld.so的路径改变了,将会发生什么情况呢?下面做一个实验。
创建一个lib_tmp目录,然后将libhello.so和libworld.so移动进这个目录。
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ubuntu $ mdir lib_tmp
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ubuntu $ mv libhello.so lib_tmp/
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ubuntu $ mv libworld.so lib_tmp/
这时再执行a.out时,提示找不动态库,使用ldd命令查看a.out的库路径:
由上图红色圈部分可见,libhello.so的路径是not found的,并且libworld.so没有出现在其中。这和3.1的情况是相同的。
究其原因,就是要先找到libhello.so再去找libworl.so,因为是libhello.so依赖于libworld.so,而不是a.out依赖于libworld.so。
由此可见,使用了-rpath参数指定库的路径后,生成的可执行文件的依赖库路径并非就固定不变了。而是执行时先从-rpath指定的路径去找依赖库,如果找不到,还是会报not fund。
那么,这时候,LD_LIBRARY_PATH对a.out是否还有影响呢?下面将LD_LIBRARY_PATH设为当前libhello.so和libworld.so所在的路径
ubuntu $ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=./lib_tmp
再次执行a.out,并且使用ldd查看此时a.out的依赖库路径:
由上图可见LD_LIBRARY_PATH还是起作用的!由上图可见,和使用-rpath指定路径的效果是一样的。
3.2.2 实验2
将LD_LIBRARY_PATH清空,然后将libhello.so移动到lib_tmp中,而libworld.so则留在documents目录中。
执行a.out,并且使用ldd查看此时a.out的依赖库:
由上图可见,找不到libhello.so。这时,再指定LD_LIBRARY_PATH的路径为libhello.so所在的路径:
ubuntu $ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=./lib_tmp/
再次执行a.out,并且使用ldd查看其依赖库:
由上图可见,一切又恢复了正常。此时,libhello.so是通过LD_LIBRARY_PATH找到的,而libworld.so则是通过-rpath指定的路径找到的。
3.2.3 回顾
其实,经过测试,在3.1小节中,如果先指定LD_LIBRARY_PATH的值为libhello.so和libworld.so所在的路径,然后再编译test.c(执行3.1节的第1条编译命令),是可以成功编译的,并不会报3.1小节第1张图的那种错误。也就是说,LD_LIBRARY_PATH不仅指定可执行文件的库路径,还指定了库所依赖于其它库的路径。
3.2.4 结论
并非指定-rpath参数后,就抛弃LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量,只是多了个可选的依赖库路径而已。
3.3 -rpath-link
先将LD_LIBRARY_PATH的值清空,然后将libworld.so移动到lib_tmp目录中,而libhello.so则留在documents目录中,使用以下命令对test.c进行编译:
ubuntu $ gcc test.c -lhello -L . -Wl,-rpath-link ./lib_tmp
执行a.out并且使用ldd查看a.out的依赖库:
找不到 libhello.so,这在预料之中。下面指定LD_LIBRARY_PATH的值为libhello.so的路径,然后在执行a.out,并且查看a.out的依赖:
由上图可见,libhello.so已经通过LD_LIBRARY_PATH找到,但是libworld.so由于没有在LD_LIBRARY_PATH指定的路径中,而且编译时a.out又没有包含库的路径,因此找不到。这
对比3.2.2可以得出结论:-rpath和-rpath-link都可以在链接时指定库的路径;但是运行可执行文件时,-rpath-link指定的路径就不再有效(链接器没有将库的路径包含进可执行文件中),而-rpath指定的路径还有效(因为链接器已经将库的路径包含在可执行文件中了。)
最后,不管使用了-rpath还是-rpath-link,LD_LIBRARY_PATH还是有效的。
4、ld命令的man手册
4.1 -rpath=dir
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Add a directory to the runtime library search path. This is used when linking an ELF executable with shared objects.
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All -rpath arguments are concatenated and passed to the runtime linker, which uses them to locate shared objects at
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runtime. The -rpath option is also used when locating shared objects which are needed by shared objects explicitly
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included in the link; see the description of the -rpath-link option. If -rpath is not used when linking an ELF
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executable, the contents of the environment variable "LD_RUN_PATH" will be used if it is defined.
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The -rpath option may also be used on SunOS. By default, on SunOS, the linker will form a runtime search path out of
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all the -L options it is given. If a -rpath option is used, the runtime search path will be formed exclusively using
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the -rpath options, ignoring the -L options. This can be useful when using gcc, which adds many -L options which may
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be on NFS mounted file systems.
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For compatibility with other ELF linkers, if the -R option is followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it
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is treated as the -rpath option.
4.2 -rpath-link=dir
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When using ELF or SunOS, one shared library may require another. This happens when an "ld -shared" link includes a
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shared library as one of the input files.
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When the linker encounters such a dependency when doing a non-shared, non-relocatable link, it will automatically try
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to locate the required shared library and include it in the link, if it is not included explicitly. In such a case,
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the -rpath-link option specifies the first set of directories to search. The -rpath-link option may specify a sequence
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of directory names either by specifying a list of names separated by colons, or by appearing multiple times.
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This option should be used with caution as it overrides the search path that may have been hard compiled into a shared
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library. In such a case it is possible to use unintentionally a different search path than the runtime linker would do.
4.3 search paths
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The linker uses the following search paths to locate required shared libraries:
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1. Any directories specified by -rpath-link options.
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2. Any directories specified by -rpath options. The difference between -rpath and -rpath-link is that directories
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specified by -rpath options are included in the executable and used at runtime, whereas the -rpath-link option is
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only effective at link time. Searching -rpath in this way is only supported by native linkers and cross linkers
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which have been configured with the --with-sysroot option.
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3. On an ELF system, for native linkers, if the -rpath and -rpath-link options were not used, search the contents of
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the environment variable "LD_RUN_PATH".
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4. On SunOS, if the -rpath option was not used, search any directories specified using -L options.
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5. For a native linker, search the contents of the environment variable "LD_LIBRARY_PATH".
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6. For a native ELF linker, the directories in "DT_RUNPATH" or "DT_RPATH" of a shared library are searched for shared
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libraries needed by it. The "DT_RPATH" entries are ignored if "DT_RUNPATH" entries exist.
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7. The default directories, normally /lib and /usr/lib.
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8. For a native linker on an ELF system, if the file /etc/ld.so.conf exists, the list of directories found in that
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file.
参考资料