C++编程思想(卷二)：设计模式：命令模式

命令模式：
特点是消除被调用函数的选择与那个函数被调用的位置之间的联系。
命令模式就是一个函数对象：一个作为对象的函数。通过将函数封装为对象，就能够以参数的形式将其传递给其他函数或者对象。
例：
#include <iostream> #include <vector> using namespace std; class Command { public: virtual void execute() = 0; }; class Hello : public Command { public: void execute() { cout << "Hello "; } }; class World : public Command { public: void execute() { cout << "World! "; } }; class IAm : public Command { public: void execute() { cout << "I'm the command pattern!"; } }; // An object that holds commands: class Macro { vector<Command*> commands; public: void add(Command* c) { commands.push_back(c); } void run() { vector<Command*>::iterator it = commands.begin(); while(it != commands.end()) (*it++)->execute(); } }; int main() { Macro macro; macro.add(new Hello); macro.add(new World); macro.add(new IAm); macro.run(); }

 

    命令模式的主要特点是允许向一个函数或者对象传递一个想要的动作。
    命令模式的一个常见的例子就是在应用程序中“撤销操作”功能的实现。每次在用户进行某项操作的时候，相应的“撤销操作”命令对象就被置入一个队列中，而每个命令对象被执行后，程序的状态就倒退一步。

利用命令模式消除与事件处理的耦合：
#include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> #include <ctime> #include <cstdlib> using namespace std; // Framework for running tasks: class Task { public: virtual void operation() = 0; }; class TaskRunner { static vector<Task*> tasks; TaskRunner() {} // Make it a Singleton TaskRunner& operator=(TaskRunner&); // Disallowed TaskRunner(const TaskRunner&); // Disallowed static TaskRunner tr; public: static void add(Task& t) { tasks.push_back(&t); } static void run() { vector<Task*>::iterator it = tasks.begin(); while(it != tasks.end()) (*it++)->operation(); } }; TaskRunner TaskRunner::tr; vector<Task*> TaskRunner::tasks; class EventSimulator { clock_t creation; clock_t delay; public: EventSimulator() : creation(clock()) { delay = CLOCKS_PER_SEC/4 * (rand() % 20 + 1); cout << "delay = " << delay << endl; } bool fired() { return clock() > creation + delay; } }; // Something that can produce asynchronous events: class Button { bool pressed; string id; EventSimulator e; // For demonstration public: Button(string name) : pressed(false), id(name) {} void press() { pressed = true; } bool isPressed() { if(e.fired()) press(); // Simulate the event return pressed; } friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Button& b) { return os << b.id; } }; // The Command object class CheckButton : public Task { Button& button; bool handled; public: CheckButton(Button & b) : button(b), handled(false) {} void operation() { if(button.isPressed() && !handled) { cout << button << " pressed" << endl; handled = true; } } }; // The procedures that perform the main processing. These // need to be occasionally "interrupted" in order to // check the state of the buttons or other events: void procedure1() { // Perform procedure1 operations here. // ... TaskRunner::run(); // Check all events } void procedure2() { // Perform procedure2 operations here. // ... TaskRunner::run(); // Check all events } void procedure3() { // Perform procedure3 operations here. // ... TaskRunner::run(); // Check all events } int main() { srand(time(0)); // Randomize Button b1("Button 1"), b2("Button 2"), b3("Button 3"); CheckButton cb1(b1), cb2(b2), cb3(b3); TaskRunner::add(cb1); TaskRunner::add(cb2); TaskRunner::add(cb3); cout << "Control-C to exit" << endl; while(true) { procedure1(); procedure2(); procedure3(); } }