非谓语动词
非谓语动词作补语
- 实意动词的通常情况: 后加to do. 比如说: want sb to do sth; promise sb to do sth; etc.
- 实意动词特殊情况
- congratulate sb on sth / for doing sth;
- suggest sb (should) do sth(虚拟语态); insist that sb (should) do(同是虚拟语态);
- inform sb of sth / doing sth;
- prevent sb from doing sth / sth from being done.
- appreciate sb doing sth
- 感官动词: see sb do(全过程) / doing(正在做) / done(被动); see sth done.
- 使役动词: 后加sb do / doing. 具体来说就是: make / let / have sb do / doing sth; 注意固定搭配: get sb to do / doing sth
- 其它特殊情况: leave sb doing / sth done / sb to do / sth to be done; keep / find sb doing / sth done.
非谓语动词作宾语
- 多数情况: 后接doing.
- 部分情况: 后接to do. 具体来说, 需要记忆的有:
- afford to do; happen to do; threaten to do;
- 设法manage to do + 假装pretend to do;
- 3 \(\times\) 决定: choose, decide, determine;
- 4 \(\times\) 要求: ask, demand, request, require;
- 4 \(\times\) 期望: expect, hope, want, intend.
- 既可后接to do, 又可后接doing的动词:
- forget to do / doing: 一个是忘记去做, 一个是忘记做了. 类似的还有remember to do / doing; regret to do / regret doing.
- go on to do / go on doing: 前者是停下手中的事, 去做这件事; 后者是继续当前的一件事. 类似的还有stop to do / doing.
- try to do / doing: 前者是努力去做, 后者是打算去做.
- mean to do / doing: 前者是打算去做, 后者的意思是"意味着".
- 主动表被动: need repairing = need to be repaired. 同类动词还有require和want.
总结: 实际判断时, 先考虑是否存在主动表被动, 再考虑to do和doing是否均可, 最后才想选to do还是doing.
非谓语动词作主语和表语
to do和doing在大多数情况下可以互换.
注意: worth是一种比较特殊的情况: The book is well worth reading = The book is worthy to be read.
no / of little use / good + doing是固定搭配.
非谓语动词作状语
普通结构
要求: 非谓语动词的主语与主句的主语一致.
形式 | 主被动 | 时间 |
---|---|---|
doing | 主动 | 同时发生或不作强调 |
having done | 主动 | 先发生 |
being done | 被动 | 同时发生 |
having been done | 被动 | 先发生 |
done | 被动 | 先发生或不作强调 |
我们注意到非谓语动词作状语时无将来时态.
独立主格结构
特征:
- 独立于主句存在;
- 有独立主语
- 与主句间有逗号隔开.
用法:
- 名词 / 代词 + done / doing;
- with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语;
- with + 名词 / 代词 + to do / doing / done.
一些例子:
- Fireworks show finished, I had a big meal together with my friends.
- Wheather permitting, there would be a parade in the city.
- With a lot of work to do, I would not attend the parade.
非谓语动词作前置定语
类似于以下这些:
- developing / developed country;
- exciting / excited voice;
- confusing / confused expression
- falling / fallen leaves
- sleeping bag; washing machine; moving car; running man; etc.
非谓语动词作后置定语
形式 | 主被动 | 时间 |
---|---|---|
done | 被动 | 先发生或不作强调 |
doing | 主动 | 同时发生或不作强调 |
being done | 被动 | 同时发生 |
to do | 主动 | 将来发生 |
to be done | 被动 | 将来发生 |
注意到非谓语动词作定语时无主动 + 先发生的表达.
情态动词
留个大坑(好像也不是那么大), 有兴趣再填吧.