枚举学习:
enum weekday{sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat};
enum weekday day;
也可以为:
enum weekday{sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat} day;
如果有赋值语句:
day=mon;
则 day 变量的值为 1。
enum weekday{sun=7,mon=1,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat}day;
这时,sun 为 7,mon 为 1,以后元素顺次加 1,所以 sat 就是 6 了。
③ 枚举值可以用来作判断。例如:
if (day==mon) {…}
if (day>mon) {…}
④ 一个整数不能直接赋给一个枚举变量,必须强制进行类型转换才能赋值。例如:
day=(enum weekday)2;
在该程序中,枚举常量与枚举变量可以进行比较,但要输出枚举常量对应的英文单词,不能使用以下语句:
printf(" %s",mon);
因为枚举常量 mon 为整数值,而非字符串。
在使用枚举变量时,主要关心的不是它的值的大小,而是其表示的状态。
enum DAY
{
MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN
};
(1) 枚举型是一个集合,集合中的元素(枚举成员)是一些命名的整型常量,元素之间用逗号,隔开。
(2) DAY是一个标识符,可以看成这个集合的名字,是一个可选项,即是可有可无的项。
(3) 第一个枚举成员的默认值为整型的0,后续枚举成员的值在前一个成员上加1。
(4) 可以人为设定枚举成员的值,从而自定义某个范围内的整数。
(5) 枚举型是预处理指令#define的替代。
(6) 类型定义以分号;结束。
既然枚举也是一种数据类型,那么它和基本数据类型一样也可以对变量进行声明。
方法一:枚举类型的定义和变量的声明分开
enum DAY
{
MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN
};
enum DAY yesterday;
enum DAY today;
enum DAY tomorrow; //变量 tomorrow的类型为枚举型enum DAY
enum DAY good_day, bad_day; //变量good_day和bad_day的类型均为枚举型enum DAY
方法二:类型定义与变量声明同时进行:
enum //跟第一个定义不同的是,此处的标号DAY省略,这是允许的。
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; //变量workday的类型为枚举型enum DAY
enum week { Mon=1, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri Sat, Sun} days; //变量days的类型为枚举型enum week
enum BOOLEAN { false, true } end_flag, match_flag; //定义枚举类型并声明了两个枚举型变量
typedef enum workday
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; //此处的workday为枚举型enum workday的别名
workday today, tomorrow; //变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday
enum workday中的workday可以省略:
typedef enum
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; //此处的workday为枚举型enum workday的别名
workday today, tomorrow; //变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即 enum workday
也可以用这种方式:
typedef enum workday
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
};
workday today, tomorrow; //变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即 enum workday
错误声明一:存在同名的枚举类型
typedef enum
{
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday;
typedef enum WEEK
{
saturday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
} workday;
错误声明二:存在同名的枚举成员
typedef enum
{
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday_1;
typedef enum WEEK
{
wednesday,
sunday = 0,
monday,
} workday_2;
方法一:先声明变量,再对变量赋值
#include<stdio.h>
/* 定义枚举类型 */
enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
/* 使用基本数据类型声明变量,然后对变量赋值 */
int x, y, z;
x = 10;
y = 20;
z = 30;
/* 使用枚举类型声明变量,再对枚举型变量赋值 */
enum DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;
yesterday = MON;
today = TUE;
tomorrow = WED;
printf("%d %d %d /n", yesterday, today, tomorrow);
}
方法二:声明变量的同时赋初值
#include <stdio.h>
/* 定义枚举类型 */
enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
/* 使用基本数据类型声明变量同时对变量赋初值 */
int x=10, y=20, z=30;
/* 使用枚举类型声明变量同时对枚举型变量赋初值 */
enum DAY yesterday = MON,
today = TUE,
tomorrow = WED;
printf("%d %d %d /n", yesterday, today, tomorrow);
}
#include <stdio.h>
/* 定义枚举类型,同时声明该类型的三个变量,它们都为全局变量 */
enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN } yesterday, today, tomorrow;
/* 定义三个具有基本数据类型的变量,它们都为全局变量 */
int x, y, z;
void main()
{
/* 对基本数据类型的变量赋值 */
x = 10; y = 20; z = 30;
/* 对枚举型的变量赋值 */
yesterday = MON;
today = TUE;
tomorrow = WED;
printf("%d %d %d /n", x, y, z); //输出:10 20 30
printf("%d %d %d /n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //输出:1 2 3
}
方法四:类型定义,变量声明,赋初值同时进行。
#include <stdio.h>
/* 定义枚举类型,同时声明该类型的三个变量,并赋初值。它们都为全局变量 */
enum DAY
{
MON=1,
TUE,
WED,
THU,
FRI,
SAT,
SUN
}
yesterday = MON, today = TUE, tomorrow = WED;
/* 定义三个具有基本数据类型的变量,并赋初值。它们都为全局变量 */
int x = 10, y = 20, z = 30;
void main()
{
printf("%d %d %d /n", x, y, z); //输出:10 20 30
printf("%d %d %d /n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //输出:1 2 3
}
3.2 对枚举型的变量赋整数值时,需要进行类型转换。
#include <stdio.h>
enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
enum DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;
yesterday = TUE;
today = (enum DAY) (yesterday + 1); //类型转换
tomorrow = (enum DAY) 30; //类型转换
//tomorrow = 3; //错误
printf("%d %d %d /n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //输出:2 3 30
}
3.3 使用枚举型变量
#include<stdio.h>
enum
{
BELL = '/a',
BACKSPACE = '/b',
HTAB = '/t',
RETURN = '/r',
NEWLINE = '/n',
VTAB = '/v',
SPACE = ' '
};
enum BOOLEAN { FALSE = 0, TRUE } match_flag;
void main()
{
int index = 0;
int count_of_letter = 0;
int count_of_space = 0;
char str[] = "I'm Ely efod";
match_flag = FALSE;
for(; str[index] != '/0'; index++)
if( SPACE != str[index] )
count_of_letter++;
else
{
match_flag = (enum BOOLEAN) 1;
count_of_space++;
}
printf("%s %d times %c", match_flag ? "match" : "not match", count_of_space, NEWLINE);
printf("count of letters: %d %c%c", count_of_letter, NEWLINE, RETURN);
}
输出:
match 2 times
count of letters: 10
Press any key to continue
4. 枚举类型与sizeof运算符
#include <stdio.h>
enum escapes
{
BELL = '/a',
BACKSPACE = '/b',
HTAB = '/t',
RETURN = '/r',
NEWLINE = '/n',
VTAB = '/v',
SPACE = ' '
};
enum BOOLEAN { FALSE = 0, TRUE } match_flag;
void main()
{
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(enum escapes)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(escapes)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(enum BOOLEAN)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(BOOLEAN)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(match_flag)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(SPACE)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(NEWLINE)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(FALSE)); //4 bytes
printf("%d bytes /n", sizeof(0)); //4 bytes
}
5. 综合举例
#include<stdio.h>
enum Season
{
spring, summer=100, fall=96, winter
};
typedef enum
{
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday
}
Weekday;
void main()
{
/* Season */
printf("%d /n", spring); // 0
printf("%d, %c /n", summer, summer); // 100, d
printf("%d /n", fall+winter); // 193
Season mySeason=winter;
if(winter==mySeason)
printf("mySeason is winter /n"); // mySeason is winter
int x=100;
if(x==summer)
printf("x is equal to summer/n"); // x is equal to summer
printf("%d bytes/n", sizeof(spring)); // 4 bytes
/* Weekday */
printf("sizeof Weekday is: %d /n", sizeof(Weekday)); //sizeof Weekday is: 4
Weekday today = Saturday;
Weekday tomorrow;
if(today == Monday)
tomorrow = Tuesday;
else
tomorrow = (Weekday) (today + 1); //remember to convert from int to Weekday
}