MySQL操作表及数据(增删改查、条件查询、连接查询、排序和分页、子查询)

MySQL

一、MySQL概述

  • 是现在流行的,开源的,免费的关系型数据库,由瑞典MySQL AB 公司开发,目前属于 Oracle 旗下产品

  • 特点

    • 免费 , 开源数据库
    • 小巧 , 功能齐全
    • 使用便捷
    • 可运行于Windows或Linux操作系统
    • 可适用于中小型甚至大型网站应用
  • 市面常见的数据库:

    • 关系型数据库 (SQL)
      • MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , SQLite , DB2 , …
      • 关系型数据库通过外键关联来建立表与表之间的关系
    • 非关系型数据库(NOSQL)
    • Redis , MongoDB , …
    • 非关系型数据库通常指数据以对象的形式存储在数据库中,而对象之间的关系通过每个对象自身的属性来决定

二、创建一个数据库并使用

  • 常用的数据库操作命令

    update user set password=password('123456')where user='root'; 修改密码
    flush privileges;  刷新数据库
    show databases; 显示所有数据库
    use dbname; 打开某个数据库
    show tables; 显示数据库mysql中所有的表
    describe user; 显示表mysql数据库中user表的列信息
    create database name; 创建数据库
    use databasename; 选择数据库
    
    exit; 退出Mysql
    ? 命令关键词 : 寻求帮助
    # 表示注释
    
  • 结构化查询语句分类
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 创建数据库

    create database [if not exists] 数据库名;
    
  • 删除数据库

    drop database [if exists] 数据库名;  
    
  • 查看数据库

    show databases;
    
  • 使用数据库

    use 数据库名;
    

在这里插入图片描述

三、MySQL操作表

  • 创建表

    格式:

    create table [if not exists] `表名`(
        '字段名1' 列类型 [属性][索引][注释],
        '字段名2' 列类型 [属性][索引][注释],
        #...
        '字段名n' 列类型 [属性][索引][注释]
    )[表类型][表字符集][注释];
    

    案例:

    CREATE TABLE `student` (
      `studentno` INT NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
      `studentname` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
      `sex` TINYINT(1) DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '性别',
      `gradeid` INT DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '年级',
      `phoneNum` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '手机',
      `address` VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '地址',
      `borndate` DATETIME DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '生日',
      `email` VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '邮箱',
      `idCard` VARCHAR(18) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '身份证号'
    );
    

    运行结果:
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 向表中添加一个字段

    格式:

    alter table 表名 add 字段名 数据类型
    

    案例:

    alter table student add test_ziduan varchar(5);
    

    运行结果:
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 修改字段数据类型

    alter table 表名 modify 列名 新数据类型;
    
  • 修改字段名和数据类型

    alter table 表名 change 旧的字段名 新的字段名 数据类型;
    
  • 删除字段

    alter table 表名 drop 字段名;
    
  • 修改表名

    rename table 旧表名 to 新表名;
    

四、MySQL操作数据

  • 添加数据

    格式:

    INSERT INTO 表名[(字段1,字段2,字段3,...)] VALUES('值1','值2','值3')
    

    案例:

    INSERT INTO info(`name`) VALUES ('张三');
    
  • 删除数据

    格式:

    DELETE FROM 表名 [WHERE condition];
    

    注意 : condition为筛选条件 , 如不指定则删除该表的所有列数据

    案例:

    DELETE FROM info WHERE id = 1;
    
  • 更新数据

    格式:

    UPDATE 表名 SET column_name=value [,column_name2=value2,...] [WHERE condition];
    

    注意 :

    • column_name 为要更改的数据列
    • value 为修改后的数据 , 可以为变量 , 具体指 , 表达式或者嵌套的SELECT结果
    • condition 为筛选条件 , 如不指定则修改该表的所有列数据

    案例:

    UPDATE `grade` SET gradename = '高三' WHERE gradeid=1;
    
  • 查询数据

    素材准备:

    CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`school` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;
    
    USE `school`;
    
    /*Table structure for table `grade` */
    
    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `grade`;
    
    CREATE TABLE `grade` (
      `GradeID` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '年级编号',
      `GradeName` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '年级名称',
      PRIMARY KEY (`GradeID`)
    ) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
    
    /*Data for the table `grade` */
    
    INSERT  INTO `grade`(`GradeID`,`GradeName`) VALUES (1,'大一'),(2,'大二'),(3,'大三'),(4,'大四'),(5,'预科班');
    
    /*Table structure for table `result` */
    
    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `result`;
    
    CREATE TABLE `result` (
      `StudentNo` INT(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
      `SubjectNo` INT(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '课程编号',
      `ExamDate` DATETIME NOT NULL COMMENT '考试日期',
      `StudentResult` INT(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '考试成绩',
      KEY `SubjectNo` (`SubjectNo`)
    ) ENGINE=INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
    
    /*Data for the table `result` */
    
    INSERT  INTO `result`(`StudentNo`,`SubjectNo`,`ExamDate`,`StudentResult`) VALUES (1000,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',94),(1000,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',75),(1000,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',76),(1000,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',93),(1000,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',97),(1000,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',87),(1000,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',79),(1000,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',74),(1000,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',69),(1000,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',78),(1000,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',66),(1000,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',82),(1000,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',94),(1000,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',98),(1000,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',70),(1000,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',74),(1001,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',76),(1001,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',93),(1001,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',65),(1001,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',71),(1001,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',98),(1001,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',74),(1001,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',85),(1001,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',69),(1001,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',63),(1001,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',70),(1001,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',62),(1001,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',90),(1001,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',97),(1001,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',89),(1001,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',72),(1001,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',90),(1002,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',61),(1002,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',80),(1002,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',89),(1002,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',88),(1002,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',82),(1002,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',91),(1002,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',63),(1002,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',84),(1002,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',60),(1002,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',71),(1002,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',93),(1002,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',96),(1002,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',83),(1002,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1002,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',89),(1002,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',83),(1003,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',91),(1003,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',75),(1003,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',65),(1003,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',63),(1003,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',90),(1003,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',96),(1003,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',97),(1003,8,'2010-11-11 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14:00:00',97),(1005,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',72),(1005,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',84),(1005,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',79),(1005,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',76),(1005,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',87),(1005,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',65),(1005,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',67),(1005,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',63),(1005,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',64),(1005,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',99),(1005,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',97),(1006,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',82),(1006,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',73),(1006,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',79),(1006,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',63),(1006,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',97),(1006,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',83),(1006,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',78),(1006,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',88),(1006,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',89),(1006,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',82),(1006,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',70),(1006,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1006,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',64),(1006,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',80),(1006,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',90),(1006,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',85),(1007,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',87),(1007,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',63),(1007,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',70),(1007,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',74),(1007,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',79),(1007,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',83),(1007,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',86),(1007,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',76),(1007,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',65),(1007,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',87),(1007,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',69),(1007,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1007,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',90),(1007,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',84),(1007,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',95),(1007,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',92),(1008,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',96),(1008,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',62),(1008,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',97),(1008,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',84),(1008,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',86),(1008,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',72),(1008,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',67),(1008,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',83),(1008,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',86),(1008,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',60),(1008,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',61),(1008,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',68),(1008,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',99),(1008,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',77),(1008,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',73),(1008,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',78),(1009,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',67),(1009,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',70),(1009,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',75),(1009,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',92),(1009,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',76),(1009,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',90),(1009,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',62),(1009,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',68),(1009,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',70),(1009,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',83),(1009,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',88),(1009,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',65),(1009,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',91),(1009,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',99),(1009,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',65),(1009,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',83),(1010,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',83),(1010,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',87),(1010,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',89),(1010,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',99),(1010,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',91),(1010,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',96),(1010,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',72),(1010,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',72),(1010,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',98),(1010,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',73),(1010,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',68),(1010,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',62),(1010,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',67),(1010,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1010,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',71),(1010,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',66),(1011,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',62),(1011,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',72),(1011,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',96),(1011,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',64),(1011,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',89),(1011,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',91),(1011,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',95),(1011,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',96),(1011,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',89),(1011,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',73),(1011,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',82),(1011,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',98),(1011,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',66),(1011,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1011,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',91),(1011,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',69),(1012,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',86),(1012,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',66),(1012,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',97),(1012,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',69),(1012,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',70),(1012,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',74),(1012,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',91),(1012,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',97),(1012,9,'2013-11-21 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10:00:00',76);
    
    /*Table structure for table `student` */
    
    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;
    
    CREATE TABLE `student` (
      `StudentNo` INT(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
      `LoginPwd` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL,
      `StudentName` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '学生姓名',
      `Sex` TINYINT(1) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '性别,取值0或1',
      `GradeId` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '年级编号',
      `Phone` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '联系电话,允许为空,即可选输入',
      `Address` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT '地址,允许为空,即可选输入',
      `BornDate` DATETIME DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '出生时间',
      `Email` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '邮箱账号,允许为空,即可选输入',
      `IdentityCard` VARCHAR(18) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '身份证号',
      PRIMARY KEY (`StudentNo`),
      UNIQUE KEY `IdentityCard` (`IdentityCard`),
      KEY `Email` (`Email`)
    ) ENGINE=MYISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
    
    /*Data for the table `student` */
    
    INSERT  INTO `student`(`StudentNo`,`LoginPwd`,`StudentName`,`Sex`,`GradeId`,`Phone`,`Address`,`BornDate`,`Email`,`IdentityCard`) VALUES (1000,'111111','郭靖',1,1,'13500000001','北京海淀区中关村大街1号','1986-12-11 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612111234'),(1001,'123456','李文才',1,2,'13500000002','河南洛阳','1981-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198112311234'),(1002,'111111','李斯文',1,1,'13500000003','天津市和平区','1986-11-30 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198611301234'),(1003,'123456','武松',1,3,'13500000004','上海卢湾区','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612314234'),(1004,'123456','张三',1,4,'13500000005','北京市通州','1989-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311244'),(1005,'123456','张秋丽 ',2,1,'13500000006','广西桂林市灵川','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311214'),(1006,'123456','肖梅',2,4,'13500000007','地址不详','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311134'),(1007,'111111','欧阳峻峰',1,1,'13500000008','北京东城区','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311133'),(1008,'111111','梅超风',1,1,'13500000009','河南洛阳','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311221'),(1009,'123456','刘毅',1,2,'13500000011','安徽','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311231'),(1010,'111111','大凡',1,1,'13500000012','河南洛阳','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311044'),(1011,'111111','奥丹斯',1,1,'13500000013','北京海淀区中关村大街*号','1984-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198412311234'),(1012,'123456','多伦',2,3,'13500000014','广西南宁中央大街','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311334'),(1013,'123456','李梅',2,1,'13500000015','上海卢湾区','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311534'),(1014,'123456','张得',2,4,'13500000016','北京海淀区中关村大街*号','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311264'),(1015,'123456','李东方',1,4,'13500000017','广西桂林市灵川','1976-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323197612311234'),(1016,'111111','刘奋斗',1,1,'13500000018','上海卢湾区','1986-12-31 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198612311251'),(1017,'123456','可可',2,3,'13500000019','北京长安街1号','1981-09-10 00:00:00','test1@bdqn.cn','450323198109108311'),(10066,'','Tom',1,1,'13500000000','','0000-00-00 00:00:00','email@22.com','33123123123123123');
    
    /*Table structure for table `subject` */
    
    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `subject`;
    
    CREATE TABLE `subject` (
      `SubjectNo` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '课程编号',
      `SubjectName` VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '课程名称',
      `ClassHour` INT(4) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '学时',
      `GradeID` INT(4) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '年级编号',
      PRIMARY KEY (`SubjectNo`)
    ) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=18 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
    
    /*Data for the table `subject` */
    
    INSERT  INTO `subject`(`SubjectNo`,`SubjectName`,`ClassHour`,`GradeID`) VALUES (1,'高等数学-1',110,1),(2,'高等数学-2',110,2),(3,'高等数学-3',100,3),(4,'高等数学-4',130,4),(5,'C语言-1',110,1),(6,'C语言-2',110,2),(7,'C语言-3',100,3),(8,'C语言-4',130,4),(9,'JAVA第一学年',110,1),(10,'JAVA第二学年',110,2),(11,'JAVA第三学年',100,3),(12,'JAVA第四学年',130,4),(13,'数据库结构-1',110,1),(14,'数据库结构-2',110,2),(15,'数据库结构-3',100,3),(16,'数据库结构-4',130,4),(17,'C#基础',130,1);
    
    

    查询格式:

    SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT]
    {* | table.* | [table.field1[as alias1][,table.field2[as alias2]][,...]]}
    FROM table_name [as table_alias]
        [left | right | inner join table_name2]  #联合查询
        [WHERE ...]  #指定结果需满足的条件
        [GROUP BY ...]  #指定结果按照哪几个字段来分组
        [HAVING]  #过滤分组的记录必须满足的次要条件
        [ORDER BY ...]  #指定查询记录按一个或多个条件排序
        [LIMIT {[offset,]row_count | row_countOFFSET offset}];
    

    其中{ } 表示必选项,[ ]表示可选项

    • 查询所有数据:
    SELECT * FROM student;
    

    此方法查询效率低,不推荐

    • 查询指定字段数据:
    # 查询指定列(学号 , 姓名)
    SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student;
    
    • AS子句作为别名查询

      AS子句作用 :

      • 可给数据列取一个新别名
      • 可给去一个新别名
      • 可把经计算或总结的结果用另一个新名称来代替
    # 这里是为列取别名(当然as关键词可以省略)
    SELECT studentno AS 学号,studentname AS 姓名 FROM student;
    
    # 使用as也可以为表取别名
    SELECT studentno AS 学号,studentname AS 姓名 FROM student AS s;
    
    # 使用as,为查询结果取一个新名字
    # CONCAT()函数拼接字符串
    SELECT CONCAT('姓名:',studentname) AS 新姓名 FROM student;
    

    为查询结果取新名字运行结果:
    在这里插入图片描述

    • DISTINCT关键字的使用

    作用 : 去掉SELECT查询返回的记录结果中重复的记录(返回所有列的值都相同),只返回一条

    # 查看哪些同学参加了考试(学号)--去除重复项
    SELECT * FROM result; # 查看考试成绩
    SELECT studentno FROM result; # 查看哪些同学参加了考试
    SELECT DISTINCT studentno FROM result;
    # 了解:DISTINCT 去除重复项 , (默认是ALL)
    

五、MySQL条件查询

  • WHERE条件查询语句

    • 用于检索数据表中 符合条件 的记录
    • 搜索条件可由一个或多个逻辑表达式组成 , 结果一般为真或假.
    • 搜索条件的组成
    # 满足条件的查询(where)
    SELECT Studentno,StudentResult FROM result;
    # 查询考试成绩在95-100之间的
    SELECT Studentno,StudentResult 
    FROM result
    WHERE StudentResult>=95 AND StudentResult<=100;
    # AND也可以写成 &&
    SELECT Studentno,StudentResult 
    FROM result
    WHERE StudentResult>=95 && StudentResult<=100;
    # 模糊查询(对应的词:精确查询)
    SELECT Studentno,StudentResult 
    FROM result
    WHERE StudentResult BETWEEN 95 AND 100;
    # 除了1000号同学,要其他同学的成绩
    SELECT studentno,studentresult
    FROM result
    WHERE studentno!=1000;
    
    # 使用NOT
    SELECT studentno,studentresult
    FROM result
    WHERE NOT studentno=1000;
    
  • 模糊查询

    #模糊查询 between and \ like \ in \ null
    
    #=============================================
    # LIKE
    #=============================================
    #查询姓李的同学的学号及姓名
    #like结合使用的通配符 : % (代表0到任意个字符)  _ (一个字符)
    SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
    WHERE studentname LIKE '李%';
    
    #查询姓李的同学,后面只有一个字的
    SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
    WHERE studentname LIKE '李_';
    
    #查询姓李的同学,后面只有两个字的
    SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
    WHERE studentname LIKE '李__';
    
    #查询姓名中含有 文 字的
    SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
    WHERE studentname LIKE '%文%';
    
    #查询姓名中含有特殊字符的需要使用转义符号 '\'
    #自定义转义符关键字:  ESCAPE ':'
    
    #=============================================
    # IN
    #=============================================
    #查询学号为1000,1001,1002的学生姓名
    SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
    WHERE studentno IN (1000,1001,1002);
    
    #查询地址在北京,南京,河南洛阳的学生
    SELECT studentno,studentname,address FROM student
    WHERE address IN ('北京','南京','河南洛阳');
    
    #=============================================
    # NULL 空
    #=============================================
    #查询出生日期没有填写的同学
    #不能直接写=NULL , 这是代表错误的 , 用 is null 
    SELECT studentname FROM student
    WHERE BornDate IS NULL;
    
    #查询出生日期填写的同学
    SELECT studentname FROM student
    WHERE BornDate IS NOT NULL;
    
    #查询没有写家庭住址的同学(空字符串不等于null)
    SELECT studentname FROM student
    WHERE Address='' OR Address IS NULL;
    
  • 连接查询

    • INNER JOIN(JOIN) 如果表中至少一个匹配,则返回行
    • LEFT JOIN 即使右表中没有匹配,也从左表中返回所有的行
    • RIGHT JOIN 即使左表中没有匹配,也从右表中返回所有的行
    /*
    连接查询
        如需要多张数据表的数据进行查询,则可通过连接运算符实现多个查询
    内连接 inner join
        查询两个表中的结果集中的交集
    外连接 outer join
        左外连接 left join
            (以左表作为基准,右边表来一一匹配,匹配不上的,返回左表的记录,右表以NULL填充)
        右外连接 right join
            (以右表作为基准,左边表来一一匹配,匹配不上的,返回右表的记录,左表以NULL填充)
            
    等值连接和非等值连接
    
    自连接
    */
    
    
    #查询参加了考试的同学信息(学号,学生姓名,科目编号,分数)
    SELECT * FROM student;
    SELECT * FROM result;
    
    /*思路:
    (1):分析需求,确定查询的列来源于两个类,student  result,连接查询
    (2):确定使用哪种连接查询?(内连接)
    */
    
    #内联接
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    
    # 右连接(也可实现)
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    RIGHT JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    
    # 等值连接
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
    FROM student s , result r
    WHERE r.studentno = s.studentno
    
    # 左连接 (查询了所有同学,不考试的也会查出来)
    # 以左表为基准进行查询,因此会查到所有同学
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    LEFT JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    
    #查一下缺考的同学(左连接应用场景)
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    LEFT JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    WHERE StudentResult IS NULL
    
    #思考题:查询参加了考试的同学信息(学号,学生姓名,科目名,分数)
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    INNER JOIN `subject` sub
    ON sub.subjectno = r.subjectno
    
  • 自连接

    /*
    自连接
        数据表与自身进行连接
    
    需求:从一个包含栏目ID , 栏目名称和父栏目ID的表中 
         查询父栏目名称和其他子栏目名称
    */
    
    # 创建一个表
    CREATE TABLE `category` (
      `categoryid` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主题id',
      `pid` INT(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '父id',
      `categoryName` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '主题名字',
      PRIMARY KEY (`categoryid`)
    ) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=9 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    
    # 插入数据
    INSERT INTO `category` (`categoryid`, `pid`, `categoryName`) 
    VALUES('2','1','信息技术'),
    ('3','1','软件开发'),
    ('4','3','数据库'),
    ('5','1','美术设计'),
    ('6','3','web开发'),
    ('7','5','ps技术'),
    ('8','2','办公信息');
    
    # 编写SQL语句,将栏目的父子关系呈现出来 (父栏目名称,子栏目名称)
    # 核心思想:把一张表看成两张一模一样的表,然后将这两张表连接查询(自连接)
    
    SELECT a.categoryName AS '父栏目',b.categoryName AS '子栏目'
    FROM category AS a,category AS b
    WHERE a.`categoryid`=b.`pid`
    
    #思考题:查询参加了考试的同学信息(学号,学生姓名,科目名,分数)
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    INNER JOIN `subject` sub
    ON sub.subjectno = r.subjectno
    
    # 查询学员及所属的年级(学号,学生姓名,年级名)
    SELECT studentno AS 学号,studentname AS 学生姓名,gradename AS 年级名称
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN grade g
    ON s.`GradeId` = g.`GradeID`
    
    # 查询科目及所属的年级(科目名称,年级名称)
    SELECT subjectname AS 科目名称,gradename AS 年级名称
    FROM SUBJECT sub
    INNER JOIN grade g
    ON sub.gradeid = g.gradeid
    
    # 查询 数据库结构-1 的所有考试结果(学号 学生姓名 科目名称 成绩)
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    INNER JOIN `subject` sub
    ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
    WHERE subjectname='数据库结构-1'
    
  • 排序和分页

    /*============== 排序 ================
    语法 : ORDER BY 
        ORDER BY 语句用于根据指定的列对结果集进行排序。
        ORDER BY 语句默认按照ASC升序对记录进行排序。
        如果您希望按照降序对记录进行排序,可以使用 DESC 关键字。
        
    */
    
    # 查询 数据库结构-1 的所有考试结果(学号 学生姓名 科目名称 成绩)
    # 按成绩降序排序
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    INNER JOIN `subject` sub
    ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
    WHERE subjectname='数据库结构-1'
    ORDER BY StudentResult DESC , studentno
    
    /*============== 分页 ================
    语法 : SELECT * FROM table LIMIT [offset,] rows | rows OFFSET offset
    好处 : (用户体验,网络传输,查询压力)
    
    推导: 
        第一页 : limit 0,5
        第二页 : limit 5,5
        第三页 : limit 10,5
        ......
        第N页 : limit (pageNo-1)*pageSzie,pageSzie
        [pageNo:页码,pageSize:单页面显示条数]
        
    */
    
    # 每页显示5条数据
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    INNER JOIN `subject` sub
    ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
    WHERE subjectname='数据库结构-1'
    ORDER BY StudentResult DESC , studentno
    LIMIT 0,5
    
    #查询 JAVA第一学年 课程成绩前10名并且分数大于80的学生信息(学号,姓名,课程名,分数)
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r
    ON r.studentno = s.studentno
    INNER JOIN `subject` sub
    ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
    WHERE subjectname='JAVA第一学年'
    ORDER BY StudentResult DESC
    LIMIT 0,10
    
  • 子查询

    /*============== 子查询 ================
    什么是子查询?
        在查询语句中的WHERE条件子句中,又嵌套了另一个查询语句
        嵌套查询可由多个子查询组成,求解的方式是由里及外;
        子查询返回的结果一般都是集合,故而建议使用IN关键字;
    
    
    */
    
    # 查询 数据库结构-1 的所有考试结果(学号,科目编号,成绩),并且成绩降序排列
    #方法一:使用连接查询
    SELECT studentno,r.subjectno,StudentResult
    FROM result r 
    INNER JOIN `subject` sub
    ON r.`SubjectNo`=sub.`SubjectNo`
    WHERE subjectname = '数据库结构-1'
    ORDER BY studentresult DESC;
    
    #方法二:使用子查询(执行顺序:由里及外)
    SELECT studentno,subjectno,StudentResult
    FROM result
    WHERE subjectno=(
        SELECT subjectno FROM `subject` 
        WHERE subjectname = '数据库结构-1'
    )
    ORDER BY studentresult DESC;
    
    #查询课程为 高等数学-2 且分数不小于80分的学生的学号和姓名
    #方法一:使用连接查询
    SELECT s.studentno,studentname
    FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r
    ON s.`StudentNo` = r.`StudentNo`
    INNER JOIN `subject` sub
    ON sub.`SubjectNo` = r.`SubjectNo`
    WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2' AND StudentResult>=80
    
    #方法二:使用连接查询+子查询
    #分数不小于80分的学生的学号和姓名
    SELECT r.studentno,studentname FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r ON s.`StudentNo`=r.`StudentNo`
    WHERE StudentResult>=80
    
    #在上面SQL基础上,添加需求:课程为 高等数学-2
    SELECT r.studentno,studentname FROM student s
    INNER JOIN result r ON s.`StudentNo`=r.`StudentNo`
    WHERE StudentResult>=80 AND subjectno=(
        SELECT subjectno FROM `subject`
        WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2'
    )
    
    #方法三:使用子查询
    #分步写简单sql语句,然后将其嵌套起来
    SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student WHERE studentno IN(
        SELECT studentno FROM result WHERE StudentResult>=80 AND subjectno=(
            SELECT subjectno FROM `subject` WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2'
        )
    )
    
    
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