SQL--2常用sql语句&实例

SQL 语句

语句	语法
AND / OR	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition AND|OR condition
ALTER TABLE (add column)	ALTER TABLE table_name  ADD column_name datatype
ALTER TABLE (drop column)	ALTER TABLE table_name  DROP COLUMN column_name
AS (alias for column)	SELECT column_name AS column_alias FROM table_name
AS (alias for table)	SELECT column_name FROM table_name  AS table_alias
BETWEEN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2
CREATE DATABASE	CREATE DATABASE database_name
CREATE INDEX	CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)
CREATE TABLE	CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type, column_name2 data_type, ....... )
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX	CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)
CREATE VIEW	CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition
DELETE FROM	DELETE FROM table_name  (Note: Deletes the entire table!!) or DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition
DROP DATABASE	DROP DATABASE database_name
DROP INDEX	DROP INDEX table_name.index_name
DROP TABLE	DROP TABLE table_name
GROUP BY	SELECT column_name1,SUM(column_name2) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name1
HAVING	SELECT column_name1,SUM(column_name2) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name1 HAVING SUM(column_name2) condition value
IN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,..)
INSERT INTO	INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,....) or INSERT INTO table_name (column_name1, column_name2,...) VALUES (value1, value2,....)
LIKE	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern
ORDER BY	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC]
SELECT	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
SELECT *	SELECT * FROM table_name
SELECT DISTINCT	SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name
SELECT INTO (used to create backup copies of tables)	SELECT * INTO new_table_name FROM original_table_name or SELECT column_name(s) INTO new_table_name FROM original_table_name
TRUNCATE TABLE (deletes only the data inside the table)	TRUNCATE TABLE table_name
UPDATE	UPDATE table_name SET column_name=new_value [, column_name=new_value] WHERE column_name=some_value
WHERE	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition

实例应用：

数据库经典查询题目
 
设有学生选取修课程数据库： 
S（Sid, SNAME, AGE, SEX, DEPARTMENT, ADDRESS, BIRTHPLACE） 
SC(Sid, Cid, GRADE) 
C(Cid, CNAME, TEACHER) 
(1) 李老师所教的课程号、课程名称；
 
select cid,cname
from c
where teacher = '李'
 
(2) 年龄大于23岁的女学生的学号和姓名；
 
select sid,sname
from s  www.2cto.com  
where s.age>23 and sex = '女'
 
(3) “李小波”所选修的全部课程名称；
 
select c.cname
from c
where c.cid in (
          select sc.cid
          from s,sc
          where s.sid = sc.sid and s.sname = '李小波'
);
 
(4) 所有成绩都在80分以上的学生姓名及所在系；
 
select sname,department
from s
where sid in (
          select sid from sc group by sid having min(grade)>=80
);
 
(5) 没有选修“操作系统”课的学生的姓名；
 
select sname 
from s 
where s.sid not in (
    select sc.sid from sc,c where sc.cid = c.cid and c.cname = '操作系统'    
)
 
(6) 与“李小波”同乡的男生姓名及所在系；
 
select s.sname, s.department 
from s   www.2cto.com  
where s.sex='男' 
and s.birthplace = (
    select s.birthplace
        from s 
    where s.sname='李小波' 
);

从一个问题中看常用的SQL语句
2009-11-06
数据库如下：
•	Student(S#,Sname,Sage,Ssex) 学生表
•	Course(C#,Cname,T#) 课程表
•	SC(S#,C#,score) 成绩表
•	Teacher(T#,Tname) 教师表
问题：
1、查询“001”课程比“002”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号
1	select a.S# from (select s#,score from SC where C#='001') a,(select s#,score   
2	from SC where C#='002') b   
3	where a.score>b.score and a.s#=b.s#;  
2、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩；
4	select S#,avg(score)   
5	from sc   
6	group by S# having avg(score) >60;   
3、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩；
7	select Student.S#,Student.Sname,count(SC.C#),sum(score)   
8	from Student left Outer join SC on Student.S#=SC.S#   
9	group by Student.S#,Sname  
4、查询姓“李”的老师的个数；
10	select count(distinct(Tname))   
11	from Teacher   
12	where Tname like '李%';  
5、查询没学过“叶平”老师课的同学的学号、姓名；
13	select Student.S#,Student.Sname   
14	from Student   
15	where S# not in (select distinct( SC.S#) from SC,Course,Teacher   
16	where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平');  
6、查询学过“001”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名；
17	select Student.S#,Student.Sname from Student,SC   
18	where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#='001'and   
19	exists( Select * from SC as SC_2 where SC_2.S#=SC.S# and SC_2.C#='002');   
7、查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名；
20	select S#,Sname   
21	from Student   
22	where S# in (select S# from SC ,Course ,Teacher   
23	where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平'   
24	group by S# having count(SC.C#)=(select count(C#) from Course,Teacher   
25	where Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Tname='叶平'));   
8、查询课程编号“002”的成绩比课程编号“001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名；
26	Select S#,Sname from (select Student.S#,Student.Sname,score ,(select score from SC SC_2   
27	where SC_2.S#=Student.S# and SC_2.C#='002') score2   
28	from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C#='001') S_2 where score2 <score;  
9、查询所有课程成绩小于60分的同学的学号、姓名；
29	select S#,Sname   
30	from Student   
31	where S# not in (select Student.S# from Student,SC where S.S#=SC.S# and score>60);  
10、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名；
32	select Student.S#,Student.Sname   
33	from Student,SC   
34	where Student.S#=SC.S#   
35	group by Student.S#,Student.Sname having count(C#) <(select count(C#) from Course);   
11、查询至少有一门课与学号为“1001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名；
36	select S#,Sname from Student,SC   
37	where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in select C# from SC where S#='1001';   
12、查询至少学过学号为“001”同学所有一门课的其他同学学号和姓名；
38	select distinct SC.S#,Sname   
39	from Student,SC   
40	where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in (select C# from SC where S#='001');   
13、把“SC”表中“叶平”老师教的课的成绩都更改为此课程的平均成绩；
41	update SC set score=(select avg(SC_2.score)   
42	from SC SC_2   
43	where SC_2.C#=SC.C# ) from Course,Teacher   
44	where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平');   
14、查询和“1002”号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学学号和姓名；
45	select S# from SC where C# in (select C# from SC where S#='1002')   
46	group by S# having count(*)=(select count(*) from SC where S#='1002');   
15、删除学习“叶平”老师课的SC表记录；
47	Delect SC   
48	from course ,Teacher   
49	where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#= Teacher.T# and Tname='叶平';  
16、向SC表中插入一些记录，这些记录要求符合以下条件：没有上过编号“003”课程的同学学号、2、号课的平均成绩；
50	Insert SC select S#,'002',(Select avg(score)   
51	from SC where C#='002') from Student   
52	where S# not in (Select S# from SC where C#='002');  
17、按平均成绩从高到低显示所有学生的“数据库”、“企业管理”、“英语”三门的课程成绩，按如下形式显示： 学生ID,,数据库,企业管理,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分
53	SELECT S# as 学生ID   
54	,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='004') AS 数据库   
55	,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='001') AS 企业管理   
56	,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='006') AS 英语   
57	,COUNT(*) AS 有效课程数, AVG(t.score) AS 平均成绩   
58	FROM SC AS t   
59	GROUP BY S#   
60	ORDER BY avg(t.score)  
18、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分：以如下形式显示：课程ID，最高分，最低分
61	SELECT L.C# As 课程ID,L.score AS 最高分,R.score AS 最低分   
62	FROM SC L ,SC AS R   
63	WHERE L.C# = R.C# and   
64	L.score = (SELECT MAX(IL.score)   
65	FROM SC AS IL,Student AS IM   
66	WHERE L.C# = IL.C# and IM.S#=IL.S#   
67	GROUP BY IL.C#)   
68	AND   
69	R.Score = (SELECT MIN(IR.score)   
70	FROM SC AS IR   
71	WHERE R.C# = IR.C#   
72	GROUP BY IR.C#   
73	);   
19、按各科平均成绩从低到高和及格率的百分数从高到低顺序
74	SELECT t.C# AS 课程号,max(course.Cname)AS 课程名,isnull(AVG(score),0) AS 平均成绩   
75	,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) AS 及格百分数   
76	FROM SC T,Course   
77	where t.C#=course.C#   
78	GROUP BY t.C#   
79	ORDER BY 100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) DESC  
20、查询如下课程平均成绩和及格率的百分数(用"1行"显示): 企业管理（001），马克思（002），OO&UML （003），数据库（004）
80	SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN C# ='001' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理平均分   
81	,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理及格百分数   
82	,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思平均分   
83	,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思及格百分数   
84	,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML平均分   
85	,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML及格百分数   
86	,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库平均分   
87	,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库及格百分数   
88	FROM SC   
21、查询不同老师所教不同课程平均分从高到低显示
89	SELECT max(Z.T#) AS 教师ID,MAX(Z.Tname) AS 教师姓名,C.C# AS 课程ID,MAX(C.Cname) AS 课程名称,AVG(Score) AS 平均成绩   
90	FROM SC AS T,Course AS C ,Teacher AS Z   
91	where T.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Z.T#   
92	GROUP BY C.C#   
93	ORDER BY AVG(Score) DESC  
22、查询如下课程成绩第 3 名到第 6 名的学生成绩单：企业管理（001），马克思（002），UML （003），数据库（004） [学生ID],[学生姓名],企业管理,马克思,UML,数据库,平均成绩
94	SELECT DISTINCT top 3   
95	SC.S# As 学生学号,   
96	Student.Sname AS 学生姓名 ,   
97	T1.score AS 企业管理,   
98	T2.score AS 马克思,   
99	T3.score AS UML,   
100	T4.score AS 数据库,   
101	ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) as 总分   
102	FROM Student,SC LEFT JOIN SC AS T1   
103	ON SC.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = '001'   
104	LEFT JOIN SC AS T2   
105	ON SC.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = '002'   
106	LEFT JOIN SC AS T3   
107	ON SC.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = '003'   
108	LEFT JOIN SC AS T4   
109	ON SC.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = '004'   
110	WHERE student.S#=SC.S# and   
111	ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)   
112	NOT IN   
113	(SELECT   
114	DISTINCT   
115	TOP 15 WITH TIES   
116	ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)   
117	FROM sc   
118	LEFT JOIN sc AS T1   
119	ON sc.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = 'k1'   
120	LEFT JOIN sc AS T2   
121	ON sc.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = 'k2'   
122	LEFT JOIN sc AS T3   
123	ON sc.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = 'k3'   
124	LEFT JOIN sc AS T4   
125	ON sc.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = 'k4'   
126	ORDER BY ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) DESC);   
23、统计列印各科成绩,各分数段人数:课程ID,课程名称,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[ <60]
127	SELECT SC.C# as 课程ID, Cname as 课程名称   
128	,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 85 AND 100 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [100 - 85]   
129	,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 70 AND 85 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [85 - 70]   
130	,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 60 AND 70 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [70 - 60]   
131	,SUM(CASE WHEN score < 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [60 -]   
132	FROM SC,Course   
133	where SC.C#=Course.C#   
134	GROUP BY SC.C#,Cname;  
24、查询学生平均成绩及其名次
135	SELECT 1+(SELECT COUNT( distinct 平均成绩)   
136	FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) AS 平均成绩   
137	FROM SC   
138	GROUP BY S#   
139	) AS T1   
140	WHERE 平均成绩 > T2.平均成绩) as 名次,   
141	S# as 学生学号,平均成绩   
142	FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) 平均成绩   
143	FROM SC   
144	GROUP BY S#   
145	) AS T2   
146	ORDER BY 平均成绩 desc;   
25、查询各科成绩前三名的记录:(不考虑成绩并列情况)
147	SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数   
148	FROM SC t1   
149	WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 3 score   
150	FROM SC   
151	WHERE t1.C#= C#   
152	ORDER BY score DESC   
153	)   
154	ORDER BY t1.C#;  
26、查询每门课程被选修的学生数
155	select c#,count(S#) from sc group by C#;   
27、查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名
156	select SC.S#,Student.Sname,count(C#) AS 选课数   
157	from SC ,Student   
158	where SC.S#=Student.S# group by SC.S# ,Student.Sname having count(C#)=1;   
28、查询男生、女生人数
159	Select count(Ssex) as 男生人数 from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='男';   
160	Select count(Ssex) as 女生人数 from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='女'；  
29、查询姓“张”的学生名单
161	SELECT Sname FROM Student WHERE Sname like '张%';   
30、查询同名同性学生名单，并统计同名人数
162	select Sname,count(*) from Student group by Sname having count(*)>1;;   
31、1981年出生的学生名单(注：Student表中Sage列的类型是datetime)
163	select Sname, CONVERT(char (11),DATEPART(year,Sage)) as age   
164	from student   
165	where CONVERT(char(11),DATEPART(year,Sage))='1981';   
32、查询每门课程的平均成绩，结果按平均成绩升序排列，平均成绩相同时，按课程号降序排列
166	Select C#,Avg(score) from SC group by C# order by Avg(score),C# DESC ;   
33、查询平均成绩大于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩
167	select Sname,SC.S# ,avg(score)   
168	from Student,SC   
169	where Student.S#=SC.S# group by SC.S#,Sname having avg(score)>85;   
34、查询课程名称为“数据库”，且分数低于60的学生姓名和分数
170	Select Sname,isnull(score,0)   
171	from Student,SC,Course   
172	where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# and Course.Cname='数据库'and score <60;   
35、查询所有学生的选课情况；
173	SELECT SC.S#,SC.C#,Sname,Cname   
174	FROM SC,Student,Course   
175	where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# ;  
36、查询任何一门课程成绩在70分以上的姓名、课程名称和分数；
176	SELECT distinct student.S#,student.Sname,SC.C#,SC.score   
177	FROM student,Sc   
178	WHERE SC.score>=70 AND SC.S#=student.S#;   
37、查询不及格的课程，并按课程号从大到小排列
179	select c# from sc where scor e <60 order by C# ;  
38、查询课程编号为003且课程成绩在80分以上的学生的学号和姓名；
180	select SC.S#,Student.Sname from SC,Student   
181	where SC.S#=Student.S# and Score>80 and C#='003';  
39、求选了课程的学生人数
182	select count(*) from sc;   
40、查询选修“叶平”老师所授课程的学生中，成绩最高的学生姓名及其成绩
183	select Student.Sname,score   
184	from Student,SC,Course C,Teacher   
185	where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平'   
186	and SC.score=(select max(score)from SC where C#=C.C# );   
41、查询各个课程及相应的选修人数
187	select count(*) from sc group by C#;   
42、查询不同课程成绩相同的学生的学号、课程号、学生成绩
188	select distinct A.S#,B.score from SC A ,SC B where A.Score=B.Score and A.C# <>B.C# ;  
43、查询每门功成绩最好的前两名
189	SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数   
190	FROM SC t1   
191	WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 2 score   
192	FROM SC   
193	WHERE t1.C#= C#   
194	ORDER BY score DESC   
195	)   
196	ORDER BY t1.C#;  
44、统计每门课程的学生选修人数（超过10人的课程才统计）。要求输出课程号和选修人数，查询结果按人数降序排列，查询结果按人数降序排列，若人数相同，按课程号升序排列
197	select C# as 课程号,count(*) as 人数   
198	from sc   
199	group by C#   
200	order by count(*) desc,c#   
45、检索至少选修两门课程的学生学号
201	select S#   
202	from sc   
203	group by s#   
204	having count(*) > = 2   
46、查询全部学生都选修的课程的课程号和课程名
205	select C#,Cname   
206	from Course   
207	where C# in (select c# from sc group by c#)   
47、查询没学过“叶平”老师讲授的任一门课程的学生姓名
208	select Sname from Student where S# not in (select S# from Course,Teacher,SC   
209	where Course.T#=Teacher.T# and SC.C#=course.C# and Tname='叶平');   
48、查询两门以上不及格课程的同学的学号及其平均成绩
210	select S#,avg(isnull(score,0)) from SC   
211	where S# in (select S# from SC where score <60   
212	group by S# having count(*)>2)group by S#;  
49、检索“004”课程分数小于60，按分数降序排列的同学学号
213	select S# from SC where C#='004'and score <60 order by score desc;    
50、删除“002”同学的“001”课程的成绩
214	delete from Sc where S#='001'and C#='001';