2019美国数学建模E题翻译:Problem E: What is the Cost of Environmental Degradation?

经济理论经常忽视其决策对生物圈的影响,或者为其需求承担无限的资源或能力。这种观点存在缺陷,现在环境面临着后果。生物圈提供了许多自然过程来维持健康和可持续的人类生活环境,这被称为生态系统服务。例子包括将废物变成食物,水过滤,种植食物,授粉植物,以及将二氧化碳转化为氧气。然而,每当人类改变生态系统时,我们可能会限制或消除生态系统服务。当地小规模土地利用变化的影响,例如建设一些道路,下水道,桥梁,房屋或工厂,可能看起来微不足道。加入这些小型项目,大型项目,如建设或搬迁大型公司总部,在全国范围内建设管道,或扩大或改变水道以扩展商业用途。现在考虑一下这个地区,国家和世界上许多这些项目的影响。虽然这些活动可能对生物圈的总体运作能力无关紧要,但它们累积地直接影响生物多样性并导致环境退化。
 
传统上,大多数土地利用项目都没有考虑生态系统服务的影响或考虑到变化。减轻土地利用负面结果的经济成本变化:
受污染的河流,空气质量差,危险废物场所,处理不当的废水,气候
变更等通常不包括在计划中。是否有可能对土地利用开发项目的环境成本进行评估?如何在这些项目成本中考虑环境退化?一旦将生态系统服务计入项目的成本效益比,就可以确定和评估项目的真实和全面估值。您的ICM团队已被聘请创建生态服务评估模型,以了解考虑生态系统服务时土地利用项目的真实经济成本。使用您的模型对不同规模的土地利用开发项目进行成本效益分析,从小型社区项目到大型国家项目。根据您的分析和模型设计评估模型的有效性。您的建模对土地使用项目规划人员和管理人员有何影响?您的模型如何随时间变化?

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Bad climate change may greatly increase the fragility of the country. How to evaluate the impact of climate change and mitigate the impact of climate change has become an urgent problem. With regard to task one, a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is established to get the country's fragility. First of all, we selected 4 climate factors as input indicators and 5 output indicators. Then, we use the entropy method to determine the weight and then the national vulnerability is divided. At the same time, we get the conclusion that temperature affects GDP and the times of armed conflict directly and affects the fragility indirectly. In view of task two, we choose Somalia as an object of study. First, all the indexes are divided into 5 levels by the method of cluster analysis. Second, we select 10 countries including Somalia, to solve the decision unit matrix. Then, using the model of the problem one, it is found that the increase in temperature and rainfall will cause the national vulnerability to rise and decrease, respectively. Finally, we assign 4 climate indicators to 0 of the decision units, and draw the conclusion that national vulnerability will be reduced without the impact of climate factors. When it comes to task three, we use the rough set theory to reduce the output index to the number of armed conflicts. Then, we use the BP neural network model to predict the conclusion: There is a significant increase in fragility in cases of much more armed conflict and abnormal temperature. When the average annual armed conflict is certain, the national vulnerability index will face an increasing turning point at the temperature of 10.01 and the rainfall of 1823mm. As to task four, three policies on energy reduction and emission reduction issued by the government have been selected, and a model of carbon cycle is established. Taking China as an example, we calculate the extent of the change of the average temperature by reducing the carbon dioxide emissions from the state, and calculate the change of the national vulnerability through the change of temperature. We conclude that when the temperature drops 1.9 degrees, the national vulnerability decreases by 0.1593 and the cost is 20.3 billion $. Last but not least, due to the relative accuracy of the DEA model, the urban fragile performance is accurately predicted while the continent is not. In this paper, the TOPSIS model of distance entropy of three parameter interval number is used to modify the decision matrix of the DEA model. By increasing the upper and lower bounds of the interval, the value of the decision unit is more accurate, and then the weight of the index is modified based on the schedule. When we use the North American continent for test, the error was about 2.9%。 主要解决国家脆弱性的问,欢迎下载。
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