类模板在项目开发中的应用

 模板是C++类型参数化的多态工具。C++提供函数模板和类模板。

模板定义以模板说明开始。类属参数必须在模板定义中至少出现一次。

同一个类属参数可以用于多个模板。

类属参数可用于函数的参数类型、返回类型和声明函数中的变量。

 模板由编译器根据实际数据类型实例化，生成可执行代码。实例化的函数。

模板称为模板函数；实例化的类模板称为模板类。

函数模板可以用多种方式重载。

类模板可以在类层次中使用 。

训练题

1） 请设计一个数组模板类（ MyVector ），完成对int、char、Teacher类型元素的管理。

       需求

       设计:

类模板构造函数 拷贝构造函数 << []  重载=操作符

 a2=a1

实现

2） 请仔细思考：

a) 如果数组模板类中的元素是Teacher元素时，需要Teacher类做什么工作

b) 如果数组模板类中的元素是Teacher元素时，Teacher类含有指针属性哪？

结论1： 如果把Teacher放入到MyVector数组中，并且Teacher类的属性含有指针，就是出现深拷贝和浅拷贝的问题。

结论2：需要Teacher封装的函数有：

1） 重写拷贝构造函数  

2） 重载等号操作符  

3） 重载左移操作符。

理论提高：所有容器提供的都是值（value）语意，而非引用（reference）语意。容器执行插入元素的操作时，内部实施拷贝动作。所以STL容器内存储的元素必须能够被拷贝（必须提供拷贝构造函数）。

实现代码：

MyVector.h

#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template<typename T>

class MyVector
{
public:
	MyVector(int size);
	MyVector(const MyVector&obj);
	~MyVector();
public:
	T& operator[](int index);
	MyVector& operator=(const MyVector&obj );
	inline int getLen()
	{
		return m_len;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<< <T>(ostream&out,const MyVector<T>&obj);
protected:
	T *m_space;
	int m_len;
};

MyVector.cpp

#include "MyVector.h"

template<typename T>
MyVector<T>::MyVector(int size)
{
	m_space  = new T[size];
	m_len = size;
}

template<typename T>
MyVector<T>::MyVector(const MyVector&obj)
{

	m_len = obj.m_len;
	m_space = new T[m_len];

	for (int i =0;i<m_len;i++)
	{
		m_space[i] = obj.m_space[i];
	}
}

template<typename T>
MyVector<T>::~MyVector()
{
	if (m_space!=NULL)
	{
		delete[] m_space;
		m_space = NULL;
		m_len = 0;
	}
}

template<typename T>
T& MyVector<T>::operator[](int index)
{
	return m_space[index];
}

template<typename T>
MyVector<T>& MyVector<T>::operator=(const MyVector&obj)
{
	if (m_space!=NULL)
	{
		delete[] m_space;
		m_space = NULL;
		m_len = 0;
	}
	m_len = obj.m_len;
	m_space = new T[m_len];

	for (int i =0;i<m_len;i++)
	{
		m_space[i] = obj.m_space[i];
	}
	return *this;
}

template<typename T>
ostream& operator<< (ostream&out,const MyVector<T>&obj)
{
	for (int i = 0;i<obj.m_len;i++)
	{
		out<<obj.m_space[i];
	}
	
	return out;
}

MyVectorTest.cpp

#include <iostream>

#include "MyVector.cpp"
using namespace std;

class Teacher
{
public:
	Teacher()
	{
		this->age = 0;
		this->name = new char[1];
		strcpy(this->name,"");
	}
	Teacher(int age,char*name)
	{
		int len = strlen(name)+1;
		this->name = new char[len];
		this->age = age;
		memcpy(this->name,name,len);
	}
	Teacher(const Teacher&obj)
	{
		this->age = obj.age;
		int len = strlen(obj.name)+1;
		this->name = new char[len];
		memcpy(this->name,obj.name,len);
	}
	~Teacher()
	{
		if (this->name!=NULL)
		{
			delete[] this->name;
			this->name = NULL;
		}
	}
	void printT()
	{
		cout<<name<<","<<age<<endl;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream&out,const Teacher &obj);

	Teacher& operator=(const Teacher &obj)
	{
		if (this->name!=NULL)
		{
			delete[] this->name;
			this->name = NULL;
		}
		int len = strlen(obj.name)+1;

		this->name = new char[len];

		memcpy(this->name,obj.name,len);

		this->age = obj.age;
		
		return *this;
	}
	
protected:
private:
	int age;
	char *name;
};
 ostream& operator<< (ostream&out,const Teacher &obj)
 {
	 out<<obj.name<<":"<<obj.age<<endl;
	 return out;
 }
int main00()
{
	MyVector<int> myv(10);

	for (int i =0;i<myv.getLen();i++)
	{
		myv[i] = i+1;
		cout<<myv[i];
	}
	cout<<endl;

	MyVector<int> myv2 = myv;

	for (int i =0;i<myv2.getLen();i++)
	{
		myv2[i] = i+1;
		cout<<myv2[i];
	}
	cout<<endl;

	cout<<myv2<<endl;

	MyVector<char> myv3(10);

	for (int i =0;i<myv3.getLen();i++)
	{
		myv3[i] = 'A';
	}

	cout<<myv3;

	Teacher t1(31,"a"),t2(32,"b"),t3(33,"c"),t4(34,"d");

	t1 = t2 = t3;;

	MyVector<Teacher> myv4(4);
	
	myv4[0] = t1;
	myv4[1] = t2;
	myv4[2] = t3;
	myv4[3] = t4;

	for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
	{
		Teacher tmp = myv4[i];//拷贝构造
		tmp.printT();
	}
	
	cout<<myv4<<endl;

	myv4[0] = myv4[1];

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

int main()
{
	Teacher t1(31,"a"),t2(32,"b"),t3(33,"c"),t4(34,"d");

	MyVector<Teacher*> myv4(5);
	
	myv4[0] = &t1;
	myv4[1] = &t2;
	myv4[2] = &t3;
	myv4[3] = &t4;
	myv4[4] = new Teacher(38,"abc");

	for (int i=0;i<5;i++)
	{
		Teacher *tmp = myv4[i];//拷贝构造
		tmp->printT();
	}

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}