条款34：区分接口继承和实现继承

作为一个 class 的设计者

class Shape { public: virtual void draw() const = 0;//1 virtual void error(const std::string& msg);//2 int objectID() const;//3 ... };  

 

1、有的时候你想要 derived classes 只继承一个 member function 的 interface (declaration):

声明一个 pure virtual function的目的是使 derived classes 继承一个函数 interface only。

2、有的时候你想要 derived classes 既继承 interface也继承 implementation，但你要允许它们替换他们继承到的 implementation:

声明一个 simple virtual function 的目的是让 derived classes 继承一个函数 interface as well as a default implementation。“你应该支持一个 error function，但如果你不想自己写，你可以求助 Shape class 中的缺省版本。”

问题代码：若出现ModelC型机不能用缺省FLY，却忽略实现FLY

class Airport { ... }; // represents airports class Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination); ... }; void Airplane::fly(const Airport& destination) { default code for flying an airplane to the given destination } class ModelA: public Airplane { ... }; class ModelB: public Airplane { ... };  

修改方案：

//方案一： class Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination) = 0; // 分割接口和实现 ... protected: void defaultFly(const Airport& destination); }; void Airplane::defaultFly(const Airport& destination) { default code for flying an airplane to the given destination } class ModelA: public Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination) { defaultFly(destination); } ... }; class ModelB: public Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination) { defaultFly(destination); } ... }; class ModelC: public Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination); ... }; void ModelC::fly(const Airport& destination) { code for flying a ModelC airplane to the given destination } //方案二： class Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination) = 0; ... }; void Airplane::fly(const Airport& destination) // an implementation of { // a pure virtual function default code for flying an airplane to the given destination } class ModelA: public Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination) { Airplane::fly(destination); } ... }; class ModelB: public Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination) { Airplane::fly(destination); } ... }; class ModelC: public Airplane { public: virtual void fly(const Airport& destination); ... }; void ModelC::fly(const Airport& destination) { code for flying a ModelC airplane to the given destination } 

3、还有的时候你想要 derived classes 继承一个函数的 interface和 implementation，而不允许它们替换任何东西。