多项式化简技巧
多项式部分
省流:
1. 1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + n 2 = 1 6 n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 1^2+2^2+···+n^2=\frac{1}{6}n(n+1)(2n+1) 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+n2=61n(n+1)(2n+1)
2.若 n n n为奇数, x n + 1 = ( x + 1 ) ( x n − 1 ∗ ( − 1 ) n − 1 + x n − 2 ∗ ( − 1 ) n − 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x ∗ ( − 1 ) + 1 ) x^n+1=(x+1)(x^{n-1}*(-1)^{n-1}+x^{n-2}*(-1)^{n-2}+···+x*(-1)+1) xn+1=(x+1)(xn−1∗(−1)n−1+xn−2∗(−1)n−2+⋅⋅⋅+x∗(−1)+1)
3.等比数列求和公式推导 x n − 1 = ( x − 1 ) ( x n − 1 + x n − 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x + 1 ) x^n-1=(x-1)(x^{n-1}+x^{n-2}+···+x+1) xn−1=(x−1)(xn−1+xn−2+⋅⋅⋅+x+1)
证明
1. 1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + n 2 = 1 6 n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 1^2+2^2+···+n^2=\frac{1}{6}n(n+1)(2n+1) 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+n2=61n(n+1)(2n+1)
考虑数学归纳法。
当 n = 1 n=1 n=1时, 1 2 = 1 6 ∗ 1 ∗ 2 ∗ 3 = 1 1^2=\frac{1}{6}*1*2*3=1 12=61∗1∗2∗3=1
设 n = k n=k n=k时等式成立,则 1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k 2 = 1 6 k ( k + 1 ) ( 2 k + 1 ) 1^2+2^2+···+k^2=\frac{1}{6}k(k+1)(2k+1) 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+k2=61k(k+1)(2k+1)
等式两边同时加上 ( k + 1 ) 2 (k+1)^2 (k+1)2, 1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k 2 + ( k + 1 ) 2 = 1 6 k ( k + 1 ) ( 2 k + 1 ) + ( k + 1 ) 2 1^2+2^2+···+k^2+(k+1)^2=\frac{1}{6}k(k+1)(2k+1)+(k+1)^2 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+k2+(k+1)2=61k(k+1)(2k+1)+(k+1)2
1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k 2 + ( k + 1 ) 2 = ( k + 1 ) ( 1 6 k ( 2 k + 1 ) + ( k + 1 ) ) 1^2+2^2+···+k^2+(k+1)^2=(k+1)(\frac{1}{6}k(2k+1)+(k+1)) 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+k2+(k+1)2=(k+1)(61k(2k+1)+(k+1))
1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k 2 + ( k + 1 ) 2 = ( k + 1 ) ( k ( 2 k + 1 ) + 6 ( k + 1 ) 6 ) 1^2+2^2+···+k^2+(k+1)^2=(k+1)(\frac{k(2k+1)+6(k+1)}{6}) 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+k2+(k+1)2=(k+1)(6k(2k+1)+6(k+1))
1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k 2 + ( k + 1 ) 2 = ( k + 1 ) ( 2 k 2 + 7 k + 1 6 ) 1^2+2^2+···+k^2+(k+1)^2=(k+1)(\frac{2k^2+7k+1}{6}) 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+k2+(k+1)2=(k+1)(62k2+7k+1)
对于右边因式分解, 1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k 2 + ( k + 1 ) 2 = ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) ( 2 k + 3 ) 6 1^2+2^2+···+k^2+(k+1)^2=(k+1)\frac{ (k+2)(2k+3) }{ 6 } 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+k2+(k+1)2=(k+1)6(k+2)(2k+3)
即 1 2 + 2 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k 2 + ( k + 1 ) 2 = 1 6 ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) ( 2 k + 3 ) 1^2+2^2+···+k^2+(k+1)^2=\frac{1}{6}(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3) 12+22+⋅⋅⋅+k2+(k+1)2=61(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
证毕。
最大公约数部分
省流:
Ps: ( a , b ) = g c d ( a , b ) (a,b)=gcd(a,b) (a,b)=gcd(a,b)
1. ( a , b ) = ( a , b + a x ) (a,b)=(a,b+ax) (a,b)=(a,b+ax)
杂项
省流:
1.对 x x x进行分解质因数,则 x = p 1 a 1 ∗ p 2 a 2 ∗ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ∗ p n a n x=p_1^{a_1}*p_2^{a_2}*···*p_n^{a_n} x=p1a1∗p2a2∗⋅⋅⋅∗pnan。
设 d x d_x dx为 x x x的因数个数,则有 d x = ( a 1 + 1 ) ( a 2 + 1 ) ( a 3 + 1 ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( a n + 1 ) d_x=(a_1+1)(a_2+1)(a_3+1)···(a_n+1) dx=(a1+1)(a2+1)(a3+1)⋅⋅⋅(an+1)