C++异常处理try throw catch的用法样例

1、C++标准异常类用法

#include <iostream>  
#include <exception>  
using namespace std;  
  
int main () {  
    try  
    {  
        int* myarray= new int[100000];  
    }  
    catch (exception& e)  
    {  
        cout << "Standard exception: " << e.what() << endl;  
    }  
    return 0;  
}  

2、自定义异常类用法

#include <iostream>  
#include <exception>  
using namespace std;  
  
//可以自己定义Exception  
class myexception: public exception  
{  
    virtual const char* what() const throw()  
    {  
        return "My exception happened";  
    }  
}myex;  
  
int main () {  
    try  
    {      
        if(true)    //如果，则抛出异常；  
            throw myex;  
    }  
    catch (exception& e)  
    {  
        cout << e.what() << endl;  
    }  
    return 0;  
} 

3、一个try,多个catch用法

#include <iostream>  
#include <exception>  
using namespace std;  
int main () {  
    try  
    {  
        throw 1;  
        throw "error";  
    }  
    catch(char *str)  
    {  
        cout << str << endl;  
    }  
    catch(int i)  
    {  
        cout << i << endl;  
    }  
} 

4、catch（…）的作用

catch(…)能够捕获多种数据类型的异常对象，所以它提供给程序员一种对异常对象更好的控制手段，使开发的软件系统有很好的可靠性。

void Func()
{
　　try
　　{
　　　　// 这里的程序代码完成真正复杂的计算工作，这些代码在执行过程中
　　　　// 有可能抛出DataType1、DataType2和DataType3类型的异常对象。
　　}
　　catch(DataType1& d1)
　　{
　　}
　　catch(DataType2& d2)
　　{
　　}
　　catch(DataType3& d3)
　　{
　　}
　　/*********************************************************　　注意上面try block中可能抛出的DataType1、DataType2和DataType3三
　　种类型的异常对象在前面都已经有对应的catch block来处理。但为什么
　　还要在最后再定义一个catch(…) block呢？这就是为了有更好的安全性和
　　可靠性，避免上面的try block抛出了其它未考虑到的异常对象时导致的程
　　序出现意外崩溃的严重后果，而且这在用VC开发的系统上更特别有效，因
　　为catch(…)能捕获系统出现的异常，而系统异常往往令程序员头痛了，现
　　在系统一般都比较复杂，而且由很多人共同开发，一不小心就会导致一个
　　指针变量指向了其它非法区域，结果意外灾难不幸发生了。catch(…)为这种
　　潜在的隐患提供了一种有效的补救措施。　　*********************************************************/
　　catch(…)
　　{
　　}
}

5、C++标准异常类

class exception
{
public:
    exception() throw();
    exception(const exception& rhs) throw();
    exception& operator=(const exception& rhs) throw();
    virtual ~exception() throw();
    virtual const char *what() const throw();
};
 
C++有很多的标准异常类：
namespace std
{
    //exception派生
    class logic_error; //逻辑错误,在程序运行前可以检测出来
 
    //logic_error派生
    class domain_error; //违反了前置条件
    class invalid_argument; //指出函数的一个无效参数
    class length_error; //指出有一个超过类型size_t的最大可表现值长度的对象的企图
    class out_of_range; //参数越界
    class bad_cast; //在运行时类型识别中有一个无效的dynamic_cast表达式
    class bad_typeid; //报告在表达试typeid(*p)中有一个空指针p
   
    //exception派生
    class runtime_error; //运行时错误,仅在程序运行中检测到
   
    //runtime_error派生
    class range_error; //违反后置条件
    class overflow_error; //报告一个算术溢出
    class bad_alloc; //存储分配错误
}

6、一些样例

#include "try_catch.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
#include <vector>
 
//
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/exceptions/
int test_exception1()
{
	try {
		throw 20;
	}
	catch (int e) {
		std::cout << "An exception occurred. Exception Nr. " << e << '\n';
	}
 
	return 0;
}
 
class myexception : public std::exception
{
	virtual const char* what() const throw()
	{
		return "My exception happened";
	}
} myex;
 
int test_exception2()
{
	try {
		throw myex;
	}
	catch (std::exception& e) { // catches exception objects by reference (notice the ampersand & after the type)
		std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
	}
 
	return 0;
}
 
int test_exception3()
{
/*
	exception		description
	bad_alloc		thrown by new on allocation failure
	bad_cast		thrown by dynamic_cast when it fails in a dynamic cast
	bad_exception		thrown by certain dynamic exception specifiers
	bad_typeid		thrown by typeid
	bad_function_call	thrown by empty function objects
	bad_weak_ptr		thrown by shared_ptr when passed a bad weak_ptr
*/
	try {
		int* myarray = new int[1000];
	}
	catch (std::exception& e) { // Takes a reference to an 'exception' object
		std::cout << "Standard exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
	}
 
	return 0;
}
 
///
// reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/try_catch
int test_exception4()
{
	try {
		std::cout << "Throwing an integer exception...\n";
		throw 42;
	}
	catch (int i) {
		std::cout << " the integer exception was caught, with value: " << i << '\n';
	}
 
	try {
		std::cout << "Creating a vector of size 5... \n";
		std::vector<int> v(5);
		std::cout << "Accessing the 11th element of the vector...\n";
		std::cout << v.at(10); // vector::at() throws std::out_of_range
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e) { // caught by reference to base
		std::cout << " a standard exception was caught, with message '"
			<< e.what() << "'\n";
	}
 
	return 0;
}
 
/
// reference: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_exceptions_handling.htm
static int division(int a, int b) {
	if (b == 0) {
		throw "Division by zero condition!";
	}
	return (a / b);
}
 
int test_exception5()
{
	int x{ 50 }, y{ 0 }, z{ 0 };
 
	try {
		z = division(x, y);
		std::cout << z << std::endl;
	}
	catch (const char* msg) {
		std::cerr << msg << std::endl;
	}
 
	return 0;
}
 
struct MyException : public std::exception
{
	const char * what() const throw () {
		return "C++ Exception";
	}
};
 
int test_exception6()
{
	try {
		throw MyException();
	}
	catch (MyException& e) {
		std::cout << "MyException caught" << std::endl;
		std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
	}
	catch (std::exception& e) {
		//Other errors
	}
 
	return 0;
}
 
int test_exception7()
{
	try {
		char* str = nullptr;
		str = new char[10];
		if (str == nullptr) throw "Allocation failure";
		for (int n = 0; n <= 100; n++) {
			if (n > 9) throw n;
			str[n] = 'z';
		}
	}
	catch (int i) {
		std::cout << "Exception: ";
		std::cout << "index " << i << " is out of range" << std::endl;
	}
	catch (char * str) {
		std::cout << "Exception: " << str << std::endl;
	}
 
	return 0;
}

参考：
try catch的详细分析：
https://www.cnblogs.com/MrYuan/p/4800257.html