Secrets Of The Masters: Core Java Job Interview Questions

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Secrets Of The Masters: Core Java Job Interview Questions

JDJ's Enterprise Editor, Yakov Fain (pictured) writes: If you are planning to hit the job market,  you may need to refresh some of the Java basic terms and techniques to prepare yourself for a technical interview. Let me offer you some of the core Java questions that you might expect during the interviews. 

For  most questions  I’ve provided only  short  answers to encourage further research.  I have included only  questions for mid (*) and senior level (**) Java developers. These sample questions could also become handy for people who need to interview Java developers (see also the article "Interviewing Enterprise Java Developers").

30 Java Interview Questions

* Q1. How could Java classes direct program messages to the system console, but error messages, say to a file?

A. The class System has a variable out that represents the standard output, and the variable err that represents the standard error device. By default, they both point at the system console. This how the standard output could be re-directed:

Stream st = new Stream(new FileOutputStream("output.txt")); 
System.setErr(st); 
System.setOut(st); 

转注：

• Stream 不是Java的标准类。

• public static void setErr(PrintStream err)

• java.lang.Object
    java.io.OutputStream
        java.io.FilterOutputStream
            java.io.PrintStream 

* Q2. What's the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

A. An abstract class may contain code in method bodies, which is not allowed in an interface. With abstract classes, you have to inherit your class from it and Java does not allow multiple inheritance. On the other hand, you can implement multiple interfaces in your class.

* Q3. Why would you use a synchronized block vs. synchronized method?

A. Synchronized blocks place locks for shorter periods than synchronized methods.

* Q4. Explain the usage of the keyword transient?

A. This keyword indicates that the value of this member variable does not have to be serialized with the object. When the class will be de-serialized, this variable will be initialized with a default value of its data type (i.e. zero for integers).

* Q5. How can you force garbage collection?

A. You can't force GC, but could request it by calling System.gc(). JVM does not guarantee that GC will be started immediately.

* Q6. How do you know if an explicit object casting is needed?

A. If you assign a superclass object to a variable of a subclass's data type, you need to do explicit casting. For example:

Object a; 
Customer b; 
b  =  (Customer) a;

When you assign a subclass to a variable having a supeclass type, the casting is performed automatically. 

* Q7. What's the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()

A. The code sleep(1000); puts thread aside for exactly one second. The code wait(1000), causes a wait of up to one second. A thread could stop waiting earlier if it receives the notify() or notifyAll() call. The method wait() is defined in the class Object and the method sleep() is defined in the class Thread.
说明：

1. 调用sleep( )的时候锁并没有被释放，理解这一点很重要。而wait( )方法的确释放了锁，这就意味着在调用wait( )期间，可以调用线程中对象的其他同步控制方法。当一个线程在方法里遇到了对wait( )的调用的时候，线程的执行被挂起，对象上的锁被释放。
2. sleep( )使线程休眠至少指定的时间长度。如果其它线程试图通过调用此休眠线程的interrupt()方法来中断它，则会抛出异常 InterruptedException。
   而使用wait（）方法而挂起的线程可以通过notify( )、notifyAll（）而恢复执行。当然，如果等待到期，也会恢复执行。
3. wait( ), notify( ),以及notifyAll( )的一个比较特殊的方面是这些方法是基类Object的一部分，而不是像Sleep( )那样属于Thread的一部分。尽管开始看起来有点奇怪，仅仅针对线程的功能却作为通用基类的一部分而实现，不过这是有道理的，因为这些功能要用到的锁也是所有对象的一部分。所以，你可以把wait( )放进任何同步控制方法里，而不用考虑这个类是继承自Thread还是实现了Runnable接口。实际上，你只能在同步控制方法或同步控制块里调用wait( ), notify( )和notifyAll( )（因为不用操作锁，所以sleep( )可以在非同步控制方法里调用）。如果你在非同步控制方法里调用这些方法，程序能通过编译，但运行的时候，你将得到IllegalMonitorStateException异常，伴随着一些含糊的消息，比如“当前线程不是拥有者”。消息的意思是，调用 wait( ), notify( )和notifyAll( )的线程在调用这些方法前必须“拥有”（获取）对象的锁。
   

* Q8. Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?

A. Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.

* Q9. What's the difference between constructors and other methods?

A. Constructors must have the same name as the class and can not return a value. They are only called once while regular methods could be called many times.

* Q10. Can you call one constructor from another if a class has multiple constructors

A. Yes. Use this() syntax.

* Q11. Explain the usage of Java packages.

A.

1. This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules.
   
2. It also helps resolve naming conflicts when different packages have classes with the same names.
3.  Packages access level also allows you to protect data from being used by the non-authorized classes.

* Q12. If a class is located in a package, what do you need to change in the OS environment to be able to use it?

A. You need to add a directory or a jar file that contains the package directories to the CLASSPATH environment variable. Let's say a class Employee belongs to a package com.xyz.hr; and is located in the file c:/dev/com/xyz/hr/Employee.java. In this case, you'd need to add c:/dev to the variable CLASSPATH. If this class contains the method main(), you could test it from a command prompt window as follows:

 

c: > java com.xyz.hr.Employee

* Q13. What's the difference between J2SDK 1.5 and J2SDK 5.0?

A.There's no difference, Sun Microsystems just re-branded this version.

* Q14. What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method equals()?

A. I'd use the method equals() to compare the values of the Strings and the == to check if two variables point at the same instance of a String object.

* Q15. Does it matter in what order catch statements for FileNotFoundException and IOExceptipon are written?

A. Yes, it does. The FileNoFoundException is inherited from the IOException. Exception's subclasses have to be caught first.

* Q16. Can an inner class declared inside of a method access local variables of this method?

A. It's possible if these variables are final.

* Q17. What can go wrong if you replace && with & in the following code:

String a=null; if (a!=null && a.length()>10) {...}

A. A single ampersand here would lead to a NullPointerException.

* Q18. What's the main difference between a Vector and an ArrayList

A. Java Vector class is internally synchronized and ArrayList is not.

* Q19. When should the method invokeLater()be used?

A. This method is used to ensure that Swing components are updated through the event-dispatching thread.

* Q20. How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass?

A. Use the following syntax: super.myMethod(); To call a constructor of the superclass, just write super(); in the first line of the subclass's constructor.

For senior-level developers:

** Q21. What's the difference between a queue and a stack?

A. Stacks works by last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues use the FIFO rule

 

** Q22. You can create an abstract class that contains only abstract methods. On the other hand, you can create an interface that declares the same methods. So can you use abstract classes instead of interfaces?

A. Sometimes. But your class may be a descendent of another class and in this case the interface is your only option.

 

** Q23. What comes to mind when you hear about a young generation in Java?

A. Garbage collection.

 

** Q24. What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?

A. Object cloning.

 

** Q25. If you're overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you might also consider?

A. hashCode()

 

** Q26. You are planning to do an indexed search in a list of objects. Which of the two Java collections should you use:
ArrayList or LinkedList?

A. ArrayList

 

** Q27. How would you make a copy of an entire Java object with its state?

A. Have this class implement Cloneable interface and call its method clone().

 

** Q28. How can you minimize the need of garbage collection and make the memory use more effective?

A. Use object pooling and weak object references.
说明:

Object pooling

If you create large numbers of identical short-lived objects, you may be able to allocate them faster using a manual method, rather than doing it with the standard new and gc. There are three main dangers to recycling objects:

1. You must manually free each object when you are done with it. If you fail to do so, you will have a memory leak. You are back to C++ manual alloc and free.
2. It is totally up to you to ensure there are no links to an object you are about to recycle.
3. Constructors will not automatically be run to initialise objects freshly. You must handle such code yourself, outside the constructor.

For a very simple, quick implementation, you simply put your no-longer needed objects on a unidirectional recycle chain and when you need one, instead of using new, you just allocate the head of the chain, and remove the element from the chain. If you start getting too many empties on your recycled chain, you just chop the excess tail end of the chain off allow them to be garbage collected. You don't have to free them individually. If you run out of objects, use new to create some more. This technique is very powerful in C++ but does not work as well in Java because Java has more efficient allocation techniques than C++.

 

  ** Q29. There are two classes: A and B. The class B need to inform a class A when some important event has happened. What Java technique would you use to implement it?

A. If these classes are threads I'd consider notify() or notifyAll(). For regular classes you can use the Observer interface.

 

** Q30. What access level do you need to specify in the class declaration to ensure that only classes from the same directory can access it?

A. You do not need to specify any access level, and Java will use a default package access level.

The J2EE questions are coming soon. Stay tuned for Yakov Fain on Live SYS-CON.TV. Ask your questions to Yakov on the air!

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