TGA图像头文件拾取的字节对齐及#pragma pack的使用

在缺省情况下，C编译器为每一个变量或是数据单元按其自然对界条件分配空间。

在结构中，编译器为结构的每个成员按其自然对界（alignment）条件分配空间。各个成员按照它们被声明的顺序在内存中顺序存储（成员之间可能有插入的空字节），第一个成员的地址和整个结构的地址相同。

例1：

struct Test
{ 
char x1; // 成员x1为char型(其起始地址必须1字节对界)，其偏移地址为0 

char x2; // 成员x2为char型(其起始地址必须1字节对界，其偏移地址为1 

float x3; // 成员x3为float型(其起始地址必须4字节对界)，编译器在x2和x3之间填充了两个空字节，其偏移地址为4 

char x4; // 成员x4为char型(其起始地址必须1字节对界)，其偏移地址为8 
}; 

在学习OpenGL蓝宝书的例子中，由于漏掉了gltLoadTGA函数头文件中#pragma pack的定义，导致图像数据头参数错误，OpenGL不能正常显示。

改变缺省的对界条件(指定对界)
· 使用伪指令#pragma pack (n)，C编译器将按照n个字节对齐。
· 使用伪指令#pragma pack ()，取消自定义字节对齐方式。

#pragma pack(1)
typedef struct
{
	GLbyte	identsize;              // Size of ID field that follows header (0)
	GLbyte	colorMapType;           // 0 = None, 1 = paletted
	GLbyte	imageType;              // 0 = none, 1 = indexed, 2 = rgb, 3 = grey, +8=rle
	unsigned short	colorMapStart;          // First colour map entry
	unsigned short	colorMapLength;         // Number of colors
	unsigned char 	colorMapBits;   // bits per palette entry
	unsigned short	xstart;                 // image x origin
	unsigned short	ystart;                 // image y origin
	unsigned short	width;                  // width in pixels
	unsigned short	height;                 // height in pixels
	GLbyte	bits;                   // bits per pixel (8 16, 24, 32)
	GLbyte	descriptor;             // image descriptor
} TGAHEADER;
#pragma pack()

GLubyte *gltLoadTGA(const char *szFileName, GLint *iWidth, GLint *iHeight, GLint *iComponents, GLenum *eFormat)
{
	FILE *pFile;			// File pointer
	TGAHEADER tgaHeader;		// TGA file header
	unsigned long lImageSize;		// Size in bytes of image
	short sDepth;			// Pixel depth;
	GLubyte	*pBits = NULL;          // Pointer to bits

									// Default/Failed values
	*iWidth = 0;
	*iHeight = 0;
	*eFormat = GL_BGR_EXT;
	*iComponents = GL_RGB8;

	// Attempt to open the fil
	fopen_s(&pFile,szFileName, "rb");
	if (pFile == NULL)
		return NULL;

	// Read in header (binary)
	fread(&tgaHeader, sizeof(TGAHEADER), 1, pFile);

	// Do byte swap for big vs little endian
#ifdef __APPLE__
	LITTLE_ENDIAN_WORD(&tgaHeader.colorMapStart);
	LITTLE_ENDIAN_WORD(&tgaHeader.colorMapLength);
	LITTLE_ENDIAN_WORD(&tgaHeader.xstart);
	LITTLE_ENDIAN_WORD(&tgaHeader.ystart);
	LITTLE_ENDIAN_WORD(&tgaHeader.width);
	LITTLE_ENDIAN_WORD(&tgaHeader.height);
#endif


	// Get width, height, and depth of texture
	*iWidth = tgaHeader.width;
	*iHeight = tgaHeader.height;
	sDepth = tgaHeader.bits / 8;

	// Put some validity checks here. Very simply, I only understand
	// or care about 8, 24, or 32 bit targa's.
	if (tgaHeader.bits != 8 && tgaHeader.bits != 24 && tgaHeader.bits != 32)
		return NULL;

	// Calculate size of image buffer
	lImageSize = tgaHeader.width * tgaHeader.height * sDepth;

	// Allocate memory and check for success
	pBits = (GLubyte*)malloc(lImageSize * sizeof(GLubyte));
	if (pBits == NULL)
		return NULL;

	// Read in the bits
	// Check for read error. This should catch RLE or other 
	// weird formats that I don't want to recognize
	if (fread(pBits, lImageSize, 1, pFile) != 1)
	{
		free(pBits);
		return NULL;
	}

	// Set OpenGL format expected
	switch (sDepth)
	{
	case 3:     // Most likely case
		*eFormat = GL_BGR_EXT;
		*iComponents = GL_RGB8;
		break;
	case 4:
		*eFormat = GL_BGRA_EXT;
		*iComponents = GL_RGBA8;
		break;
	case 1:
		*eFormat = GL_LUMINANCE;
		*iComponents = GL_LUMINANCE8;
		break;
	};


	// Done with File
	fclose(pFile);

	// Return pointer to image data
	return pBits;
}

#pragma pack未定义导致TGAHEADER的读数错误

-	tgaHeader	{identsize=0 '\0' colorMapType=0 '\0' imageType=2 '\x2' ...}	TGAHEADER
		identsize	0 '\0'	char
		colorMapType	0 '\0'	char
		imageType	2 '\x2'	char
		colorMapStart	0	unsigned short //双字节对齐边界. 其偏移地址为4。第四个字节被舍弃
		colorMapLength	0	unsigned short
		colorMapBits	0 '\0'	unsigned char
		xstart	0	unsigned short
		ystart	1024	unsigned short
		width	1024	unsigned short
		height	24	unsigned short
		bits	-116 '?'	char
		descriptor	117 'u'	char

body.tga中18个字节的文件头

 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 04 18 00