JAVA线程间通信的几种方式

先抄录下来慢慢看吧
今天在群里面看到一个很有意思的面试题:
“编写两个线程,一个线程打印125,另一个线程打印字母AZ,打印顺序为12A34B56C……5152Z,要求使用线程间的通信。”
这是一道非常好的面试题,非常能彰显被面者关于多线程的功力,一下子就勾起了我的兴趣。这里抛砖引玉,给出7种想到的解法。

通用代码:

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**

  • Created by Edison Xu on 2017/3/2.
    */
    public enum Helper {

    instance;

    private static final ExecutorService tPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

    public static String[] buildNoArr(int max) {
    String[] noArr = new String[max];
    for(int i=0;i<max;i++){
    noArr[i] = Integer.toString(i+1);
    }
    return noArr;
    }

    public static String[] buildCharArr(int max) {
    String[] charArr = new String[max];
    int tmp = 65;
    for(int i=0;i<max;i++){
    charArr[i] = String.valueOf((char)(tmp+i));
    }
    return charArr;
    }

    public static void print(String… input){
    if(input==null)
    return;
    for(String each:input){
    System.out.print(each);
    }
    }

    public void run(Runnable r){
    tPool.submit®;
    }

    public void shutdown(){
    tPool.shutdown();
    }

}

  1. 第一种解法,包含多种小的不同实现方式,但一个共同点就是靠一个共享变量来做控制;
    a. 利用最基本的synchronized、notify、wait:
    public class MethodOne {
    private final ThreadToGo threadToGo = new ThreadToGo();
    public Runnable newThreadOne() {
    final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildNoArr(52);
    return new Runnable() {
    private String[] arr = inputArr;
    public void run() {
    try {
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i=i+2) {
    synchronized (threadToGo) {
    while (threadToGo.value == 2)
    threadToGo.wait();
    Helper.print(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
    threadToGo.value = 2;
    threadToGo.notify();
    }
    }
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
    System.out.println(“Oops…”);
    }
    }
    };
    }
    public Runnable newThreadTwo() {
    final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildCharArr(26);
    return new Runnable() {
    private String[] arr = inputArr;
    public void run() {
    try {
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    synchronized (threadToGo) {
    while (threadToGo.value == 1)
    threadToGo.wait();
    Helper.print(arr[i]);
    threadToGo.value = 1;
    threadToGo.notify();
    }
    }
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
    System.out.println(“Oops…”);
    }
    }
    };
    }
    class ThreadToGo {
    int value = 1;
    }
    public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException {
    MethodOne one = new MethodOne();
    Helper.instance.run(one.newThreadOne());
    Helper.instance.run(one.newThreadTwo());
    Helper.instance.shutdown();
    }
    }
    b. 利用Lock和Condition:
    public class MethodTwo {
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(true);
    private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
    private final ThreadToGo threadToGo = new ThreadToGo();
    public Runnable newThreadOne() {
    final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildNoArr(52);
    return new Runnable() {
    private String[] arr = inputArr;
    public void run() {
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i=i+2) {
    try {
    lock.lock();
    while(threadToGo.value == 2)
    condition.await();
    Helper.print(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
    threadToGo.value = 2;
    condition.signal();
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
    lock.unlock();
    }
    }
    }
    };
    }
    public Runnable newThreadTwo() {
    final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildCharArr(26);
    return new Runnable() {
    private String[] arr = inputArr;
    public void run() {
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    try {
    lock.lock();
    while(threadToGo.value == 1)
    condition.await();
    Helper.print(arr[i]);
    threadToGo.value = 1;
    condition.signal();
    } catch (Exception e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
    lock.unlock();
    }
    }
    }
    };
    }
    class ThreadToGo {
    int value = 1;
    }
    public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException {
    MethodTwo two = new MethodTwo();
    Helper.instance.run(two.newThreadOne());
    Helper.instance.run(two.newThreadTwo());
    Helper.instance.shutdown();
    }
    }
    c. 利用volatile:
    volatile修饰的变量值直接存在main memory里面,子线程对该变量的读写直接写入main memory,而不是像其它变量一样在local thread里面产生一份copy。volatile能保证所修饰的变量对于多个线程可见性,即只要被修改,其它线程读到的一定是最新的值。
    public class MethodThree {
    private volatile ThreadToGo threadToGo = new ThreadToGo();
    class ThreadToGo {
    int value = 1;
    }
    public Runnable newThreadOne() {
    final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildNoArr(52);
    return new Runnable() {
    private String[] arr = inputArr;
    public void run() {
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i=i+2) {
    while(threadToGo.value2){}
    Helper.print(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
    threadToGo.value=2;
    }
    }
    };
    }
    public Runnable newThreadTwo() {
    final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildCharArr(26);
    return new Runnable() {
    private String[] arr = inputArr;
    public void run() {
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    while(threadToGo.value
    1){}
    Helper.print(arr[i]);
    threadToGo.value=1;
    }
    }
    };
    }
    public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException {
    MethodThree three = new MethodThree();
    Helper.instance.run(three.newThreadOne());
    Helper.instance.run(three.newThreadTwo());
    Helper.instance.shutdown();
    }
    }

d. 利用AtomicInteger:
public class MethodFive {
private AtomicInteger threadToGo = new AtomicInteger(1);
public Runnable newThreadOne() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildNoArr(52);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i=i+2) {
while(threadToGo.get()==2){}
Helper.print(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
threadToGo.set(2);
}
}
};
}
public Runnable newThreadTwo() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildCharArr(26);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
while(threadToGo.get()==1){}
Helper.print(arr[i]);
threadToGo.set(1);
}
}
};
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException {
MethodFive five = new MethodFive();
Helper.instance.run(five.newThreadOne());
Helper.instance.run(five.newThreadTwo());
Helper.instance.shutdown();
}
}

  1. 第二种解法,是利用CyclicBarrierAPI;
    CyclicBarrier可以实现让一组线程在全部到达Barrier时(执行await()),再一起同时执行,并且所有线程释放后,还能复用它,即为Cyclic。
    CyclicBarrier类提供两个构造器:

public CyclicBarrier(int parties, Runnable barrierAction) {
}
public CyclicBarrier(int parties) {
}
public class MethodFour{
private final CyclicBarrier barrier;
private final List list;
public MethodFour() {
list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList());
barrier = new CyclicBarrier(2,newBarrierAction());
}
public Runnable newThreadOne() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildNoArr(52);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0, j=0; i < arr.length; i=i+2,j++) {
try {
list.add(arr[i]);
list.add(arr[i+1]);
barrier.await();
} catch (InterruptedException | BrokenBarrierException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
};
}
public Runnable newThreadTwo() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildCharArr(26);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
try {
list.add(arr[i]);
barrier.await();
} catch (InterruptedException | BrokenBarrierException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
};
}
private Runnable newBarrierAction(){
return new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Collections.sort(list);
list.forEach(c->System.out.print©);
list.clear();
}
};
}
public static void main(String args[]){
MethodFour four = new MethodFour();
Helper.instance.run(four.newThreadOne());
Helper.instance.run(four.newThreadTwo());
Helper.instance.shutdown();
}
}
这里多说一点,这个API其实还是利用lock和condition,无非是多个线程去争抢CyclicBarrier的instance的lock罢了,最终barrierAction执行时,是在抢到CyclicBarrierinstance的那个线程上执行的。
3. 第三种解法,是利用PipedInputStreamAPI;
这里用流在两个线程间通信,但是Java中的Stream是单向的,所以在两个线程中分别建了一个input和output。这显然是一种很搓的方式,不过也算是一种通信方式吧……-_-T,执行的时候那种速度简直。。。请不要BS我。
public class MethodSix {
private final PipedInputStream inputStream1;
private final PipedOutputStream outputStream1;
private final PipedInputStream inputStream2;
private final PipedOutputStream outputStream2;
private final byte[] MSG;
public MethodSix() {
inputStream1 = new PipedInputStream();
outputStream1 = new PipedOutputStream();
inputStream2 = new PipedInputStream();
outputStream2 = new PipedOutputStream();
MSG = “Go”.getBytes();
try {
inputStream1.connect(outputStream2);
inputStream2.connect(outputStream1);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void shutdown() throws IOException {
inputStream1.close();
inputStream2.close();
outputStream1.close();
outputStream2.close();
}
public Runnable newThreadOne() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildNoArr(52);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
private PipedInputStream in = inputStream1;
private PipedOutputStream out = outputStream1;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i=i+2) {
Helper.print(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
try {
out.write(MSG);
byte[] inArr = new byte[2];
in.read(inArr);
while(true){
if(“Go”.equals(new String(inArr)))
break;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
};
}
public Runnable newThreadTwo() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildCharArr(26);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
private PipedInputStream in = inputStream2;
private PipedOutputStream out = outputStream2;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
try {
byte[] inArr = new byte[2];
in.read(inArr);
while(true){
if(“Go”.equals(new String(inArr)))
break;
}
Helper.print(arr[i]);
out.write(MSG);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
};
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
MethodSix six = new MethodSix();
Helper.instance.run(six.newThreadOne());
Helper.instance.run(six.newThreadTwo());
Helper.instance.shutdown();
six.shutdown();
}
4. 第四种解法,是利用BlockingQueue;
顺便总结下BlockingQueue的一些内容。
BlockingQueue定义的常用方法如下:

add(Object):把Object加到BlockingQueue里,如果BlockingQueue可以容纳,则返回true,否则抛出异常。
offer(Object):表示如果可能的话,将Object加到BlockingQueue里,即如果BlockingQueue可以容纳,则返回true,否则返回false。
put(Object):把Object加到BlockingQueue里,如果BlockingQueue没有空间,则调用此方法的线程被阻断直到BlockingQueue里有空间再继续。
poll(time):获取并删除BlockingQueue里排在首位的对象,若不能立即取出,则可以等time参数规定的时间,取不到时返回null。当不传入time值时,立刻返回。
peek():立刻获取BlockingQueue里排在首位的对象,但不从队列里删除,如果队列为空,则返回null。
take():获取并删除BlockingQueue里排在首位的对象,若BlockingQueue为空,阻断进入等待状态直到BlockingQueue有新的对象被加入为止。
BlockingQueue有四个具体的实现类:

ArrayBlockingQueue:规定大小的BlockingQueue,其构造函数必须带一个int参数来指明其大小。其所含的对象是以FIFO(先入先出)顺序排序的。
LinkedBlockingQueue:大小不定的BlockingQueue,若其构造函数带一个规定大小的参数,生成的BlockingQueue有大小限制,若不带大小参数,所生成的BlockingQueue的大小由Integer.MAX_VALUE来决定。其所含的对象是以FIFO顺序排序的。
PriorityBlockingQueue:类似于LinkedBlockingQueue,但其所含对象的排序不是FIFO,而是依据对象的自然排序顺序或者是构造函数所带的Comparator决定的顺序。
SynchronousQueue:特殊的BlockingQueue,对其的操作必须是放和取交替完成的。
这里我用了两种玩法:

一种是共享一个queue,根据peek和poll的不同来实现;
第二种是两个queue,利用take()会自动阻塞来实现。
public class MethodSeven {
private final LinkedBlockingQueue queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
public Runnable newThreadOne() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildNoArr(52);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i=i+2) {
Helper.print(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
queue.offer(“TwoToGo”);
while(!“OneToGo”.equals(queue.peek())){}
queue.poll();
}
}
};
}
public Runnable newThreadTwo() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildCharArr(26);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
while(!“TwoToGo”.equals(queue.peek())){}
queue.poll();
Helper.print(arr[i]);
queue.offer(“OneToGo”);
}
}
};
}
private final LinkedBlockingQueue queue1 = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
private final LinkedBlockingQueue queue2 = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
public Runnable newThreadThree() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildNoArr(52);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i=i+2) {
Helper.print(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
try {
queue2.put(“TwoToGo”);
queue1.take();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
};
}
public Runnable newThreadFour() {
final String[] inputArr = Helper.buildCharArr(26);
return new Runnable() {
private String[] arr = inputArr;
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
try {
queue2.take();
Helper.print(arr[i]);
queue1.put(“OneToGo”);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
};
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException {
MethodSeven seven = new MethodSeven();
Helper.instance.run(seven.newThreadOne());
Helper.instance.run(seven.newThreadTwo());
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("");
Helper.instance.run(seven.newThreadThree());
Helper.instance.run(seven.newThreadFour());
Helper.instance.shutdown();
}

原文链接:http://edisonxu.org/2017/03/02/java-thread-communication.html

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